污染源水质自动监测系统数据质量保障措施研究

近年来,在我国工业化规模不断扩大、工业项目不断增多的影响下,水资源的污染问题愈发严峻,对人们的生命健康安全造成了巨大影响。所以,水质监测部门要充分利用先进的水质监测技术和设备,对污染源水质实施连续不间断的监测,有效提高水质监测数据质量。本文主要提出了几点保障污染源水质自动监测系统数据质量的措施,供相关人员借鉴采纳。     

Performance of data acceptance criteria over 50 months from an automatic real-time environmental radiation surveillance network

The automatic real-time environmental radiation surveillance network of Catalonia (Spain) comprises two subnetworks; one with 9 aerosol monitors and the other with 8 Geiger monitors together with 2 water monitors located in the Ebre river. Since September 2006, several improvements were implemented in order to get better quality and quantity of data, allowing a more accurate data analysis. However, several causes (natural causes, equipment failure, artificial external causes and incidents in nuclear power plants) may produce radiological measured values mismatched with the own station background, whether spurious without significance or true radiological values. Thus, data analysis for a 50-month period was made and allowed to establish an easily implementable statistical criterion to find those values that require special attention. This criterion proved a very useful tool for creating a properly debugged database and to give a quick response to equipment failures or possible radiological incidents. This paper presents the results obtained from the criterion application, including the figures for the expected, raw and debugged data, percentages of missing data grouped by causes and radiological measurements from the networks. Finally, based on the discussed information, recommendations for the improvement of the network are identified to obtain better radiological information and analysis capabilities.     

欠发达地区农户生产效率研究——以西藏自治区为例

以西藏自治区为例,在2009年农户抽样调查数据基础上,利用数据包络法(DEA)探讨西藏不同区域农户生产效率,认为西藏农户生产效率差异与农业生产中自用价值的计算有关,若考虑自用价值,在固定生产规模报酬(CRS)假设下,平均生产效率为0.653,其中拉萨市最高(0.784),日喀则市最低(0.277);若不计入自用价值,山南与那曲地区呈现最高生产效率。表明西藏农户收入中自用价值占了较大比例,扣除自用价值,收入大幅减少,影响生产效率。因此,提高农牧户生产商品率是增加农牧民收入的有效途径。     

Quality Science in the Courtroom: U.S. EPA Data Quality and Peer Review Policies and Procedures Compared to the Daubert Factors

Protection of the environment is critically dependent on the quality of data used in decision making. Whether the decisions are part of the scientific process or relate to application of the laws governing people and their living conditions, good quality data are required/needed by two disciplines with distinct differences. This paper examines some differences between science and the law, provides a brief history of science in law, discusses the effects of law on science, compares United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) guidance and U.S. Supreme Court credible science criteria. This paper further speculates on the future use of science data by the courts.     

Fluid bed gasification – Plasma converter process generating energy from solid waste: Experimental assessment of sulphur species

Often perceived as a Cinderella material, there is growing appreciation for solid waste as a renewable content thermal process feed. Nonetheless, research on solid waste gasification and sulphur mechanisms in particular is lacking. This paper presents results from two related experiments on a novel two stage gasification process, at demonstration scale, using a sulphur-enriched wood pellet feed.Notable SO₂ and relatively low COS levels (before gas cleaning) were interesting features of the trials, and not normally expected under reducing gasification conditions. Analysis suggests that localised oxygen rich regions within the fluid bed played a role in SO₂’s generation. The response of COS to sulphur in the feed was quite prompt, whereas SO₂ was more delayed. It is proposed that the bed material sequestered sulphur from the feed, later aiding SO₂ generation. The more reducing gas phase regions above the bed would have facilitated COS – hence its faster response. These results provide a useful insight, with further analysis on a suite of performed experiments underway, along with thermodynamic modelling.     

环境质量监测数据综合管理平台的设计及应用

适应环境监测数据管理需求,开发了环境质量监测数据综合管理平台（以下简称“综合管理平台”）并在业务工作中推广应用。介绍了综合管理平台在监测数据传输与审核、数据库有效管理等方面的功能特点,并通过与传统的数据传输校验、审核管理方式的对比,重点阐述了综合管理平台在加强数据管理规范性、提高数据管理效率、保障监测数据质量等方面所具有的优势。     

江苏省太湖流域水环境信息共享平台集成关键技术及其应用

介绍了江苏省太湖流域水环境信息共享平台建设在环境信息交换、三维展示、联机分析处理、数据挖掘等关键技术的应用,以解决制约环境信息化共享的瓶颈。探索环境信息集成共享、多维展示、综合分析的设计思路和发展方向,以推动环境管理的现代化。     

Particle concentrations in data centers

Cooling buildings with large airflow rates of outside air when temperatures are favorable is an established energy-saving measure. In data centers, this strategy is not widely used, owing to concerns that it would cause increased indoor levels of particles of outdoor origin, which could damage electronic equipment. However, environmental conditions typical of data centers and the associated potential for equipment failure are not well characterized. This study presents the first published measurements of particle concentrations in operating data centers. Indoor and outdoor particle measurements were taken at eight different sites in northern California for particulate matter 0.3–5.0 μm in diameter. One of the data centers has an energy-efficient design that employs outside air for cooling, while the rest use conventional cooling methods. Ratios of measured particle concentrations in the conventional data centers to the corresponding outside concentrations were significantly lower than those typically found in office or residential buildings. Estimates using a material-balance model match well with empirical results, indicating that the dominant particle sources and losses have been identified. Measurements taken at the more energy-efficient site show nearly an order of magnitude increase in particle concentration when ventilation rates were high. The model indicates that this increase may be even higher when including particles smaller than the monitoring-equipment size limitation. Even with the increases, the measured particle concentrations are still below concentration limits recommended in industry standards.     

Differences in urban and rural accident characteristics and medical service utilization for traffic fatalities in less-motorized societies

Introduction

Fatalities from traffic accidents in less-motorized societies are an important global issue. We aimed to characterize the geographic differences of fatalities in such societies to facilitate the development of targeted interventions.

Method

This study linked police reports, hospital data, and vital registration data from Taiwan with special reference to accident factors in pre-hospital deaths and medical care in hospital deaths.

Results

A higher percentage of pre-hospital deaths were observed following rural as compared to urban traffic accidents. The deaths due to rural accidents can be attributed to lower use of restraints (i.e., helmets or seat belts), lower percentage of motorcyclists, and more highway accidents. A higher percentage of victims in rural accidents were transported to distant medical centers rather than to local hospitals.

Conclusion

Specific interventions, such as intelligent emergency medical systems, campaigns for helmets and seat belt usage, enforcement of helmets and seat belt use, and speed control measures should be targeted to rural areas.

Impact on industry

Cooperation between the vehicle industry and emergency medical providers in rural traffic accident rescue teams may decrease the numbers of deaths in these regions.     

基于数据分析的地铁智能温控系统方案设计

针对目前地铁站及地铁车辆内部的环境温度控制,提出一种通过数据分析随环境变化情况进行自动调节的智能温度控制系统方案.智能温度控制系统采用闭环控制,核心温控采用PID控制.阐述系统的设计原理、架构、关键技术、实际应用中的工作模式,说明环境因素采集预算子系统、温度实时监测子系统、温度预警和温度调整子系统的系统功能.