山地火蔓延过程的三维模拟

本文以林火蔓延的模型为基础,运用OpenGL图形渲染的技术,考虑实时的地形坡度和风向,动态的显示实时火场边界,通过巧妙地将林火蔓延模型转变为计算机中的数据结构,结合粒子系统,在计算机上三维模拟重现了由单个火源引发的林火蔓延过程。这对于林火的辅助应急决策,有效地组织扑救,减少火灾损失,计算火灾引起的损失评估具有重要意义。     

空气自动监测网络数据审核自动化实现的创新与实践

阐述了在城市空气质量自动监测网络的质量保证管理中,使用计算机数据审核系统对监测数据进行自动审核的设计思想及其采取的创新手段;详细介绍了该系统在山东省的使用情况。     

Radionuclide release and transport from nuclear underground tests performed at Mururoa and Fangataufa — predictions under uncertainty

In the context of a study by the International Geomechanical Commission (IGC) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on the effects of nuclear tests at the atolls of Mururoa and Fangataufa, release to the biosphere is estimated for 35 radionuclides originating from 147 nuclear underground tests. Based on a qualitatively characterised hydrogeological situation of atolls and relatively scarce site-specific data, a model chain was developed to conservatively estimate the radionuclide fluxes via groundwater, from their sources, the explosion cavities, towards the biosphere, the ocean or lagoon.Finite element hydro-thermal modelling was used to describe water flow. Parameters were calibrated by a very few measured pre-test temperature profiles in bore holes. The impact of the tests on groundwater flow and mechanical impact on rock was considered. Estimates were made to quantify spatial extensions and temporal evolution of impact by using measurements on refilling rate of the cavities. Tests were categorised according to their specific yield and location although detailed data were missing. A base case parameter set was defined for the hydraulic conditions and for the initial radionuclide inventory of individual tests. Models were used to describe the concentration of radionuclides in the cavities as a function of time. Radionuclide transport from the cavities to the biosphere was represented by two different approaches: a double porosity model for the fractured volcanic rock and a single porosity model for the overlaying, highly porous carbonates. Results consist of conservative estimates on radionuclide release into the environment, or concentration in the lagoon or ocean water. Their sensitivity was investigated using different models and parameters. A few measured data (concentrations in a few cavities, in the deep carbonates and in the lagoons for selected radionuclides, such as ³H, ¹⁴C, ³⁶Cl, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹²⁹I, ¹³⁷Cs²³⁹, ²⁴⁰Pu and ²⁴¹Am) were available for a comparison with the calculations. In view of the lack and uncertainty of site-specific data, the agreement is of acceptable quality.     

基于源反演和气溶胶同化方法天津空气质量模式预报能力改进

为提升天津空气质量数值模式精细化预报能力,基于高分辨率排放源清单,技术应用源反演技术和气溶胶三维变分同化方法开展2020年天津空气质量数值预测分析,评估不同技术对空气质量模式预报能力改进,并结合气象因素评估模式系统性误差,以期提升天津空气质量精细化预报能力,服务分区精细化大气污染防治.结果表明,基于高分辨率排放源清单、源反演技术和气溶胶三维变分同化方法,可有效改进天津空气质量模式预报能力,调整后天津PM_2.5、 PM₁₀、 SO₂、 NO₂和O₃浓度预报平均偏差均在2μg·m^-3以内,其中高分辨率排放源清单应用后PM_2.5平均偏差为1.80μg·m^-3,源反演技术和气溶胶三维变分同化技术应用后平均偏差分别为-1.45μg·m^-3和-3.98μg·m^-3,均显著小于原模式的18.75μg·m^-3; PM_2.5浓度预报和实况的相关...     

基于DEA模型的城市用地经济效益比较研究

运用数据包络分析方法（DEA）,从城市土地的投入和产出角度,对全国30个省会城市的城市用地经济效益进行比较研究。研究结果表明：（1）在全国30个城市（包括直辖市和部分省会城市）,仅上海、杭州、广州和昆明等4个城市为DEA有效城市,即在现有的经济、社会、技术条件下,投入产出达到最佳状态,其余26个城市为非DEA有效城市;（2）南京和哈尔滨处于规模效益递减的发展阶段,上海、杭州、广州和昆明处于规模效益不变的发展阶段,其余24个城市都处于规模效益递增的发展阶段;（3）30个省会城市的城市土地利用经济效益发展极不平衡,呈现东高西低的格局,且城市土地利用普遍不集约;最后对如何提高城市用地经济效益提出了相应的改进措施。     

Evaluating the efficiency of green vehicles and diesel vehicles

One of the major interests of governments in the area of environmental protection is to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and air pollutants’ emissions (HC, CO, NO_x, PM, and SO_x) from vehicles. This paper aims at evaluating the efficiency of green and diesel vehicles. Two hundred fifty vehicles were selected for comparison study. The results show that the efficiency of each type of vehicle hardly differed in 2008 and 2009, but the gap between green and diesel vehicles became significant in 2010–2012. The results also indicate that larger automotive companies and smaller green vehicles show higher efficiency in recent years, whereas the type of green vehicles and the origin of automotive companies are not significantly related to the efficiency score of green vehicles. These findings provide more information for understanding differences in green vehicles.     

Risk-based Decision Process for Arsenic in Soils: Implications of Conservative Protocols

Making defensible risk-based decisions is a complex process that incorporates risk assessment into a risk management framework. Many site investigations require additional study, negotiations and/or actions for arsenic detected in soil samples, in many cases where no process related sources are identified and no other chemicals of concern are identified. Regulatory agencies develop guidance to standardize approaches to risk-based site investigations that focus on achieving "safe" concentrations. For arsenic, the action level is frequently in the "gray region", a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) term associated with a region of high uncertainty for risk management decisions in the "decision performance curve" associated with the data quality objective (DQO) process. Recognizing the conservative nature of the risk-based screening value for arsenic, approaches to enforce this level (or proof of comparability to natural background) may have numerous consequences including ineffective use of resources, stigmas on properties or actions at industrial or hazardous sites that are inconsistent with their regional setting. Florida has developed regulations and guidance on investigation of brownfield sites and has supported a study by the University of Florida (UF) to evaluate natural background concentrations in Florida soils. This paper discusses the sources of uncertainty near the soil cleanup target levels (SCTLs) in the Florida decision-making framework.     

Bottom-Up Risk Regulation? How Nanotechnology Risk Knowledge Gaps Challenge Federal and State Environmental Agencies

Nanotechnologies have been called the "Next Industrial Revolution." At the same time, scientists are raising concerns about the potential health and environmental risks related to the nano-sized materials used in nanotechnologies. Analyses suggest that current U.S. federal regulatory structures are not likely to adequately address these risks in a proactive manner. Given these trends, the premise of this paper is that state and local-level agencies will likely deal with many "end-of-pipe" issues as nanomaterials enter environmental media without prior toxicity testing, federal standards, or emissions controls. In this paper we (1) briefly describe potential environmental risks and benefits related to emerging nanotechnologies; (2) outline the capacities of the Toxic Substances Control Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, and the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act to address potential nanotechnology risks, and how risk data gaps challenge these regulations; (3) outline some of the key data gaps that challenge state-level regulatory capacities to address nanotechnologies' potential risks, using Wisconsin as a case study; and (4) discuss advantages and disadvantages of state versus federal approaches to nanotechnology risk regulation. In summary, we suggest some ways government agencies can be better prepared to address nanotechnology risk knowledge gaps and risk management.     

上海市烟气排放连续监测系统的数据审核机制

随着烟气排放连续监测系统(CEMS)的广泛安装和验收,CEMS数据的应用将成为污染源管理最直接最有效的手段.在国家规定的数据有效性审核基础上,结合实际工作遇到的问题和长期实践经验,提出每日审核对于数据有效性的重要作用,并通过上海市特有的CEMS数据审核机制,介绍该审核机制的建立背景、内容、流程及取得的成果.