基于ESDA的中国省际水足迹强度的空间关联格局分析

水足迹强度是一个反映水的利用效率的指标,论文在对1995-2009年中国31个省(市、区)水足迹计算的基础上(因资料所限,未考虑香港、澳门和台湾地区),利用探索性空间数据分析(ESDA)对15 a来各地区水足迹强度空间分布格局以及演变态势进行了分析和探讨。结果表明:①中国水足迹强度整体呈现明显的下降趋势,说明水资源的利用效率明显提高,但是区域发展并不平衡;②从全局空间分异来看,中国各地区水足迹强度呈现出正的空间相关性特征,存在着空间集聚特征,即水足迹强度高的地区相互邻接,强度低的地区相互邻接;③从局部空间分异来看,空间正相关模式(LL集聚和HH集聚)所占比例很大,且在研究年份内逐渐增加,反映出水足迹强度的LL集聚和HH集聚变得越来越显著。LL集聚主要分布在东部沿海一带,在空间上有明显的向周边扩散的趋势;HH集聚主要分布在西部地区,在空间分布上较稳定。     

基于LabVIEW的安全阀型式试验数据采集系统

安全阀型式试验数据采集系统结合安全阀开启高度与其他性能指标的关系,创新性地将开启高度、压力和流量三组数据整合到同一个曲线监控图中分别显示,根据开启高度的不同状态读取相应试验数据．从而得到安全阀各项性能指标。     

Source function estimate by means of variational data assimilation applied to the ETEX-I tracer experiment

The ETEX data set opens new possibilities to develop data assimilation procedures in the area of long-range transport. This paper illustrates the possibilities using a variational approach, where the source term for ETEX-I was reconstructed. The MATCH model (Robertson et al., 1996) has been the basis for this attempt. The timing of the derived emission rates are in accordance with the time period for the ETEX-I release, and a cross validation, with observations beyond the selected assimilation period, shows that the source term gained holds for the entire ETEX-I experiment. A poor-man variational approach was shown to perform nearly as good as a fully variational data assimilation. The issue of quality control has not been considered in this attempt but will be an important part that has to be addressed in future work.     

Does multi-functionality affect technical efficiency? A non-parametric analysis of the Scottish dairy industry

Recent policy changes within the Common Agricultural Policy have led to a shift from a solely production-led agriculture towards the promotion of multi-functionality. Conversely, the removal of production-led supports would indicate that an increased concentration on production efficiencies would seem a critical strategy for a country's future competitiveness. This paper explores the relationship between the 'multi-functional' farming attitude desired by policy makers and its effect on technical efficiency within Scottish dairy farming. Technical efficiency scores are calculated by applying the non-parametric data envelopment analysis technique and then measured against causes of inefficiency. Amongst these explanatory factors is a constructed score of multi-functionality. This research finds that, amongst other factors, a multi-functional attitude has a significant positive effect on technical efficiency. Consequently, this seems to validate the promotion of a multi-functional approach to farming currently being championed by policy-makers.     

放射性环境监测中探测限附近测量数据的处理

阐述了探测限的基本概念和对探测限附近的数据处理问题.提出探测限的作用是用来评价检测的能力,不宜用于常规计数及报告测量结果;判断限则用于对测量结果在统计上是否与本底有显著差别做出判断,也不宜用来报告测量结果.当样品净计数大于(或等于)判断限时,不管其是否小于探测限,都应当报出其测量值及标准差;当样品净计数小于判断限时,用小于限作为其上置信限报告测量结果;在对同类样品结果平均时,无论样品净计数小于判断限,或大于(或等于)判断限,都应当按其活度实测值(正、负或零)参加平均.     

Using Force Analysis to Target Collection and Analysis of Environmental Information

Knowledge of the forces driving and modifying ecosystems can be employed in concert with signal analysis to target the data most likely to yield sensitivity and resilience information. One can optimize return of information per investment of resources by targeting segments of signals that are dominated by the force of interest, coupled with scientific understanding of the system of interest. This force analysis approach is an effective means both to design efficient new monitoring programs and to target relevant information in large data files. We present five example applications of force analysis. Three examples illustrate this approach for an evaluation of whether Canadian rivers might be sensitive to changes in climate. It was concluded that Canadian rivers appear to be sensitive to changing climate. A fourth example illustrates how automated snow pillow data may be evaluated to ascertain the sensitivity of snow accumulation to change in climate. It was concluded that snow accumulation at the site evaluated did appear to be sensitive to changing climate. The fifth example illustrates the assessment of whether a river recovers with the elimination of inputs of iron from an abandoned mine. It was concluded that resilience remained unproven since the river had not as yet restabilized. The force analysis approach focuses data collection or data evaluation on those data required to answer specific resource management questions, greatly reducing collection or consideration of data that are not relevant to that question. This approach is potentially very cost-efficient and therefore is likely to be of interest to hydrologists, climatologists, and environmental data managers.     

环境在线监控数据交换系统的设计与应用

根据环境在线监控的数据特征和普遍存在的问题,提出了针对环境在线监控数据交换的系统设计方案,包含数据交换中心、前置系统、发布过程安全的设计。该系统可实现污染源(固定源、移动源)、水环境、大气环境、生态环境、辐射环境等各类在线监控数据的自动归集、交换和集成。为各级环保部门同时、准确地掌握各种在线监控数据,提高监管能力提供技术支撑。     

新时期生态环境监测数据产品内涵和发展建议

简述了新时期环境监测数据产品内涵,分析了当前数据产品在信息化程度、深度开发、数据质量和信息公开等方面存在的问题;提出,要不断提高数据产品的信息化水平,推进其深度开发,要立足于服务社会和管控需求,加强数据产品可追溯能力建设,针对现各部门存在的"数据孤岛"问题,增强各部门间监测数据的可比性,推进区域污染物排放、空气环境质量、水环境质量等信息公开,为政府决策提供准确的技术支持,为公众、企业提供优质服务。     

Application of risk analysis in the liquefied natural gas (LNG) sector: An overview

In recent years, the global demand for liquefied natural gas (LNG) as an energy source is increasing at a very fast rate. In order to meet this demand, a large number of facilities such as platforms, FPSO (floating production, storage and offloading), FSRU (floating storage and regasification unit) and LNG ships and terminals are required for the storage, processing and transportation of LNG. Failure of any of these facilities may expose the market, companies, personnel and the environment to hazards, hence making the application of risk analysis to the LNG sector a very topical issue throughout the world. To assess the risk of accidents associated with LNG facilities and carriers, various risk analysis approaches have been employed to identify the potential hazards, calculate the probability of accidents, as well as assessing the severity of consequences. Nonetheless, literature on classification of the risk analysis models applied to LNG facilities is very limited. Therefore, to reveal the holistic issues and future perspectives on risk analysis of LNG facilities, a systematic review of the current state-of-the-art research on LNG risk analysis is necessary. The aim of this paper is to review and categorize the published literature about the problems associated with risk analysis of LNG facilities, so as to improve the understanding of stakeholders (researchers, regulators, and practitioners). To achieve this aim, scholarly articles on LNG risk analysis are identified, reviewed, and then categorized according to risk assessment methods (qualitative, semi-qualitative or quantitative; deterministic or probabilistic; conventional or dynamic), tools (ETA, FTA, FMEA/FMECA, Bayesian network), output/strategy (RBI, RBM, RBIM, facility siting, etc.), data sources (OREDA handbook, published literature, UK HSE databases, regulatory agencies' reports, industry datasets, and experts’ consultations), applications (LNG carriers and LNG fuelled ships, LNG terminals and stations, LNG offshore floating units, LNG plants), etc. Our study will not only be useful to researchers engaged in these areas but will also assist regulators, policy makers, and operators of LNG facilities to find the risk analysis models that fit their specific requirements.     

Use of Predictive Weather Uncertainties in an Irrigation Scheduling Tool Part I: A Review of Metrics and Adjoint Methods

Irrigation management consists of many components. In this work we review and recommend rainfall forecast performance metrics and adjoint methodologies for the use of predictive weather data within the Colorado State University Water Irrigation Scheduler for Efficient Application (WISE). WISE estimates crop water uses to optimize irrigation scheduling. WISE and its components, input requirements, and related software design issues are discussed. The use of predictive weather allows WISE to consider economic opportunity‐costs of decisions to defer water application if rainfall is forecast. These capabilities require an assessment of the system uncertainties and use of weather prediction performance probabilities. Rainfall forecasts and verification performance metrics are reviewed. In addition, model data assimilation methods and adjoint sensitivity concepts are introduced. These assimilation methods make use of observational uncertainties and can link performance metrics to space and time considerations. We conclude with implementation guidance, summaries of available data sources, and recommend a novel adjoint method to address the complex physical linkages and model sensitivities between space and time within the irrigation scheduling physics as a function of soil depth. Such tool improvements can then be used to improve water management decision performance to better conserve and utilize limited water resources for productive use. Editor’s note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series.