Cost estimation for solid waste management in industrialising regions--precedents, problems and prospects

The importance of cost planning for solid waste management (SWM) in industrialising regions (IR) is not well recognised. The approaches used to estimate costs of SWM can broadly be classified into three categories - the unit cost method, benchmarking techniques and developing cost models using sub-approaches such as cost and production function analysis. These methods have been developed into computer programmes with varying functionality and utility. IR mostly use the unit cost and benchmarking approach to estimate their SWM costs. The models for cost estimation, on the other hand, are used at times in industrialised countries, but not in IR. Taken together, these approaches could be viewed as precedents that can be modified appropriately to suit waste management systems in IR. The main challenges (or problems) one might face while attempting to do so are a lack of cost data, and a lack of quality for what data do exist. There are practical benefits to planners in IR where solid waste problems are critical and budgets are limited.     

Physiological responses of Avicennia marina seedlings to the phytotoxic effects of the water-soluble fraction of light Arabian crude oil

Stomatal behavior, growth performance and the accumulation of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were evaluated in seedlings of the mangrove Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh., treated with a water-soluble fraction (WSF) of Abu-Dhabi light Arabian crude oil through foliar spraying or soil application.Irregular stomatal behavior and weak stomatal control over transpiration were observed during the first 24 hours, where stomatal resistances of plants sprayed with 150 and 300 g PAHs plant^–1 were significantly lower than that of the control plants. After six weeks, all treated plants showed no significant difference in their relative growth rate (RGR) or in the net assimilation rate (NAR) compared with the control plants.Tri-aromatic hydrocarbons were the most accumulated in tissues of the treated plants. Penta- and hexa-aromatics, on the other hand, were undetectable in the WSF and consequently in the treated plants. A linear relationship was observed between the dose applied to plants and the amounts of tissue accumulated PAHs (r ²=0.515 for soil application and r ²=0.984 for foliar spray). In plants sprayed with 300 g PAHs plant^–1, the total PAHs accumulated were more than that accumulated in plants treated through soil application.These findings suggest that: aqueous extraction of crude oil tends to signify the percentage of the low molecular weight PAHs, e.g. naphthalene, to the total PAHs; disturbed stomatal behavior in the first day of the treatment may be due to the venting of the volatile low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene, toluene, and xylenes) through the stomata; and uptake of water-soluble hydrocarbons by plants is equally possible through both of the root system and the foliage. The ecological implications of these finding are discussed in relation to oil pollution of mangrove stands under field conditions.     

无编程图形界面的建立

简扼介绍了关系型数据库Ｓｕｐｅｒｂａｓｅ，并以一个环境监测实例阐述如何运用Ｓｕｐｅｒｂａｓｅ，无须编程而建立图形界面的过程。     

测定回弹法专用测强曲线的数据融合方法

混凝土强度现场检测结果的准确性直接关系到结构的安全性。笔者利用通用回弹测强曲线提供的共性信息和现场试验得到的个性信息 ,通过数据融合方法 ,提出适应于现场情况的混凝土强度与回弹值之间的关系曲线。该曲线仍运用原有的幂函数形式并保持回归参数不变 ,通过增加位置参数反映现场试验的个性信息。其修正后的结果既反映混凝土回弹值和强度值之间的一般关系 ,又反映现场试验的实际情况。在混凝土回弹检测中采用该曲线 ,可极大地提高检测精度和检测结果的可靠性     

Does nutritional surveillance have a role to play in early warning of food crisis and in the management of relief operations?*

A major area of investment in data collection in developing countries has been that of nutritional surveillance and monitoring. From recent debate it is clear that there is currently no consensus on the potential role of nutritional status as an early warning indicator. The author presents a synthesis of the broad spectrum of views on the role nutritional surveillance could or should have in early warning. Conceptual problems and technical difficulties are reviewed in the light of recent experiences in Africa and Asia. The author raises a number of issues for future discussion in this ongoing debate.     

浅谈环境空气质量自动监测数据的日报审核

联系工作实际,详细介绍了自动监测数据审核人员要求、自动监测数据审核的依据、如何区分有效数据和无效数据、自动监测数据审核工作重点以及数据合理性分析方法。重点论述自动监测数据的审核流程以及具体的技术要求,以期提高数据审核工作质量和效率,保证环境空气质量监测网络数据的准确性和可靠性。     

4株外生菌根真菌对Al3+吸收与吸附的研究

本研究采用液体培养方法,分析了4株源自不同生境的外生菌根真菌[Pisolithus tinctorius(Pt 715)、Suillus luteus(Sl 08和Sl 14)、Gyroporus cyanescens(Gc 99)]细胞对铝的吸收与吸附,旨在探讨外生菌根真菌抗铝的机制,为减轻树木铝害、指导抗(耐)铝菌株的筛选和保持森林健康奠定理论基础.结果表明,Al3+对菌株Pt 715和Sl 08生长的影响不明显,但是可明显抑制Sl 14和Gc 99的生长;各供试菌株铝的吸附和吸收量均随培养液中Al3+浓度的升高而增加,可见环境中Al3+浓度是影响菌根真菌铝吸收量的关键因素;耐铝菌株(Pt 715和Sl 08)吸收的总铝及单位菌丝吸收的铝量较铝敏感菌株(Gc 99和Sl14)少,这可能是其对铝不敏感的原因之一.此外,增加对氮、磷、钾等营养元素的吸收亦可能是外生菌根真菌缓解铝毒的重要途径.     

硫代硫酸钠对排硫硫杆菌固碳能力的影响及其作用机制

通过测定不同浓度Na_2S_2O_3·5H_2O培养时排硫硫杆菌(DSM 505)菌液的总有机碳浓度(TOC),分析Na_2S_2O_3·5H_2O对排硫硫杆菌固碳能力的影响,并结合各浓度Na_2S_2O_3·5H_2O条件下固碳关键酶Rubis CO编码基因cbb的转录特性和胞外游离有机碳浓度(EFOC),阐明Na_2S_2O_3·5H_2O影响排硫硫杆菌固碳能力的作用机制.结果表明,适当范围内增加Na_2S_2O_3·5H_2O的浓度能显著提高排硫硫杆菌的固碳能力,降低胞外游离有机碳在总有机碳中所占的比例.cbb基因转录特性分析结果表明,Na_2S_2O_3·5H_2O浓度对cbb基因的转录效率和表达模式均无显著影响.因此推测Na_2S_2O_3·5H_2O影响排硫硫杆菌固碳能力的作用机制可能是作为电子供体提供能量,促进细胞骨架合成,从而削弱胞外游离有机碳对排硫硫杆菌自养过程的抑制作用,进而增强固碳能力.     

TDE-324CI数据采集器强震实时数据流格式及解码过程浅析

介绍了TDE-324CI数据采集器的软件接口,包括TCP／IP网络数据流通讯协议、命令控制字和网络数据流接口,对实时数据流格式进行了具体的分析和描述,最后通过实例分析了实时数据流解码的实现并列举了程序代码。