Degradation and removal methods of antibiotics from aqueous matrices--a review

Over the past few years, antibiotics have been considered emerging pollutants due to their continuous input and persistence in the aquatic ecosystem even at low concentrations. They have been detected worldwide in environmental matrices, indicating their ineffective removal from water and wastewater using conventional treatment methods. To prevent this contamination, several processes to degrade/remove antibiotics have been studied. This review addresses the current state of knowledge concerning the input sources, occurrence and mainly the degradation and removal processes applied to a specific class of micropollutants, the antibiotics. In this paper, different remediation techniques were evaluated and compared, such as conventional techniques (biological processes, filtration, coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation), advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), adsorption, membrane processes and combined methods. In this study, it was found that ozonation, Fenton/photo-Fenton and semiconductor photocatalysis were the most tested methodologies. Combined processes seem to be the best solution for the treatment of effluents containing antibiotics, especially those using renewable energy and by-products materials.     

黄孢原毛平革菌所产木素过氧化物酶系对染料降解的研究

白腐真菌黄孢原毛平革菌所产生的胞外过氧化物酶系由两类同功酶木素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶组成，木素过氧化物酶对所研究的染料都有解作用，锰过氧化物酶只对部分染料起作用。加入H2O2，胞外酶液可以降解多种酶性染料如卡布龙红、酸性大兰、弱酸黄和弱酸大红，它们的脱色速率依次下降，以卡布龙红为例研究了各种条件因素对其降解脱色的影响，最佳H2O2浓度是100μmol/L，最佳PH为4．0，温度越高，脱色越快，但高于50℃酶将明显失活，木素过氧化物酶活性越高脱色速率越快，高浓度染料对其脱色有抑制作用，最佳条件下，50mg/L浓度卡布龙红第一分钟的脱色率达70％。随着稀释倍数的增加，酶液的降解速率呈抛物线加速下降，表明酶液中的某些组分如元素离子的浓度也是一个重要影响因素。     

US/UV联用降解荧光增白剂CBW的研究

对超声波、紫外联用技术降解荧光增白剂的反应进行研究，考察了辐射时间、超声功率、pH、H2O2投加量等因素对降解效率的影响。结果表明：荧光增白剂的降解效率受辐射时间影响较大，降解过程符合拟一级反应I提高超声波的功率可提高荧光增白剂的降解率；H2O2的添加，可使溶液中的氢氧自由基的浓度增加，从而提高了荧光增白剂的降解率。在初始浓度为40mg／L，超声功率为500w、pH为9、H2O2的添加量为30mL／L、反应120min的条件下，荧光增白剂的降解率可达95％。     

Ultrasonic preparation of nano-nickel/activated carbon composite using spent electroless nickel plating bath and application in degradation of 2,6-dichlorophenol

Ni was effectively recovered from spent electroless nickel （EN） plating baths by forming a nano-nickel coated activated carbon composite. With the aid of ultrasonication, melamine- formaldehyde-tetraoxalyl-ethylenediamine chelating resins were grafted on activated carbon （MFT/AG）. PdC12 sol was adsorbed on MFT/AC, which was then immersed in spent electroless nickel plating bath; then nano-nickel could be reduced by ascorbic acid to form a nano-nickel coating on the activated carbon composite （Ni/AC） in situ. The materials present were carefully examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electro- chemistry techniques. The resins were well distributed on the inside and outside surfaces of activated carbon with a size of 120 ± 30 nm in MFT/AC, and a great deal of nano-nickel particles were evenly deposited with a size of 3.8 ± 1.1 nm in Ni/MFT. Moreover, Ni/AC was successfully used as a catalyst for ultrasonic degradation of 2.6-dichloronhenol.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

羽毛角蛋白的生物降解

羽毛角蛋白是自然界中丰富的蛋白资源,由于其难以被解解而造成环境污染,近些年来对它的生物降解及有关角蛋白酶的研究取得了一定进展,对此作一简要综述。     

Evidence of degradation of polybrominated biphenyls in soil samples from michigan

Abstract

Soil samples obtained from the former polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) manufacturing site in Michigan were analyzed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. The results indicate significant degradation of the PBB residue in the soil sample. The soil sample with the highest concentration of PBB has the greatest degree of degradation. Principal degradation products include 2,3’,4,4’,5‐pentabromo‐biphenyl, 2,2’,4,4’,5‐pencabromobiphenyl and two unidentified tetrabromobiphenyls.

The degradation pattern observed supports a photochemical decomposition mechanism. These degraded residues may be more toxic than the original Firemaster residues. The implications of the results are discussed.     

Water quality characteristics along the course of the Huangpu River （China）

Huangpu River is about 114.5 km from upriver Dianfeng to downriver Wusong,near the estuary of the Yangtze River.It plays a key role in supplying water for production,life,shipment and irrigation.With the industrial development,the pollution of the Huangpu River has become serious recently.The biological oxygen demand (BOD),total nitrogen (TN),total phosphorus (TP),oil,phenol and suspended solids (SS) were lower in the upstream sites than in the downstream sites,indicating pollutants being input along its course. Water quality was the worst in the Yangpu site,near the center of Shanghai City.Dissolved oxygen (DO) content was less than 2 mg/L in the site of Yangpu in July.Among relations between thirteen characteristics,relations between BOD,DO,TN,TP,NH_4~ -N, NO_3~--N and the count of total bacteria or Escherichia coli were significant and interdependent.Inner relationships between these main characteristics in the Huangpu River were studied.High nutrient concentration led to growth of microorganisms,including E.coli. Degradation of organic matters and respiration of bacteria made oxygen concentration decreased in the water body,and DO was a key factor for nitrification-denitrification process of nitrogen.In the Yangpu site,DO was decreased to less than 3.0 mg/L with BOD higher than 7.5 mg/L in May and July.Low DO concentration will decrease nitrification rate.Nitrification need at higher DO value than other organic substrate oxidation.Consequently,river water contains low NO_3~--N values with high amounts of TN and NH_4~ -N there.This will block the self-purification of surface water,by decreasing the rate of nitrification-denitrification transformation process in the water body.     

Fenton法脱色降解活性黑5模拟废水

本研究对benton试剂脱色降解活性黑5模拟废水进行了初步的实验研究。在恒温条件下,分别以600nm和255nm波长下染料溶液吸光度为主要测定指标,对该种染料的脱色及其芳环结构的氧化降解进行了同步分析。考察了染料溶液初始pH值、Fe^2＋浓度、H2O2投加量、染料浓度等因素的影响。结果表明,在一定实验条件下,活性黑5的脱色效率可达到99％,染料芳环结构的降解可达30％,COD去除率达到57．5％。活性黑5的脱色降解过程分为两个阶段进行。在最佳pH范围内,H2O2投加量、Fe^2＋浓度、染料浓度对染料初始脱色速率影响不大,但对后续的芳环结构降解影响较大。     

三唑磷在土壤中的降解与吸附特性

三唑磷农药在江西红壤，河南二合土和东北黑土中均具易降解性，其土壤降解半衰期分别为28．3，3．75、3．28d，降解速率次序为东北黑土〉河南二合土〉江西红壤。土壤对三唑磷的吸附性能强弱次序为：河南二合土〈江西红壤〈东北黑土。其Freundich吸附常数分别为2，17．6，70．100。尽管河南二合土对三唑磷农药的吸附性弱（koc〈300）．且三唑磷的水溶解度〉30mg／kg，但由于三唑磷农药的易土壤降解性，正常施用，其对地下水的实际污染风险较小。