Laboratory evidence of natural remobilization of multicomponent DNAPL pools due to dissolution

Mixtures of dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) trapped in the subsurface can act as long-term sources of contamination by dissolving into flowing groundwater. In general, the components of higher solubility are removed more quickly, thus altering the composition of the remaining DNAPL, and possibly leading to changes in its physical properties. Through the development of a simple compositional model, Roy et al. [J. Contam. Hydrol. 2002 (59) 163] showed that preferential dissolution of a mixed DNAPL could potentially result in changes in density and interfacial tension that could subsequently lead to remobilization of an initially static DNAPL pool. The laboratory experiments presented in this next paper provide a proof-of-concept for the previously presented theory, demonstrating and quantifying this process of remobilization. In addition, the experiments provide a data set for evaluation of the model presented by Roy et al. [J. Contam. Hydrol. 2002 (59) 163]. In the four experiments, a DNAPL pool comprised of tetrachloroethene and benzene was created as an open pool overlying glass beads within a water-saturated 2-D flow box. Experiments included rectangular and triangular pools. In each of the experiments, remobilization (as breakthrough) was observed more than 2 weeks after formation of the initial pool. During each experiment, the pool height declined as mass was lost by dissolution, while sampling indicated a decrease in the mole fraction of benzene, the more soluble component. Small protuberances formed along the bottom of the pool as its composition changed with time and the displacement pressure was achieved for various pore throats. Eventually one of the protuberances extended further, forming a finger (breakthrough). In general, the pool emptied as the finger proceeded further into the beads. It was also shown theoretically and experimentally that remobilization will occur sooner for pools with a triangular (pointing down), rather than rectangular, shape. The experimental results were simulated using the model developed by Roy et al. [J. Contam. Hydrol. 2002 (59) 163]. The model matched the observations well, suggesting that it accurately represents the primary mechanisms involved with natural remobilization under the conditions of the study.     

气质联用分析加硫酸化污泥中的有机酸

分别采用两种前处理方法分离富集加硫酸化污泥中的有机酸.方法一,利用阴离子交换树脂分离富集有机酸,在不洗脱的情况下直接和乙醇进行酯化反应,然后进行气质联用分析;方法二,利用活性炭纤维吸附型固相微萃取(ACF-SPME)的方法,顶空萃取分离后进行气质联用分析.两种方法的分析结果都未检测到酸化污泥中存在短链的有机酸,只检测到个别长链的和带苯环结构的有机酸.     

气相分子仪测定水中的硫化物

用气相分子吸收光谱仪测定水中的硫化物，对其工作曲线、精密度等进行了试验，表明方法简便、快捷、精密度、准确度都较好，适用于各种水质硫化物的测定。     

Screening 31 endocrine-disrupting pesticides in water and surface sediment samples from Beijing Guanting reservoir

For screening 31 potential or suspected endocrine-disrupting pesticides in water and surface sediments, a multiresidue analysis method based on gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC/ECD) was developed. Solid phase extraction (SPE) technology with Oasis^® HLB cartridge was also applied in sample extraction. The relevant mean recoveries were 70–103% and 71–103% for water and sediment, respectively. Relative standard deviations (RSD) are 2.0–7.0%, 4.0–8.0% for water and sediment, respectively. Thirty one pesticides (-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), aldrin, heptachlor, endosulfan I & II, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, endrin aldehyde, endosulfan sulphate, methoxychlor, hepachlor epoxide, -chlordane, γ-chlordane, dieldrin, endrin, dicofol, acetochlor, alachlor, metolachlor, chlorpyriphos, nitrofen, trifluralin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, deltamethrin) in water and surface sediment samples from Beijing Guanting reservoir were analyzed. Concentrations of pesticides ranged from 7.59 to 36.0 ng g⁻¹ on a dry wt. basis for sediment samples, from 279.3 to 2740 ng l⁻¹ for pore waters and from 48.8 to 890 ng l⁻¹ for water samples, respectively, with a mean concentration of 10.7 ng g⁻¹ in sediment, 735 ng l⁻¹ in pore water and 295 ng l⁻¹ in water, respectively. The data obtained provides information on the levels and sources of endocrine-disrupting pesticides in Guanting reservoir. These results underscore the need to improved environmental protection measures in order to reduce the exposure of the population and aquatic biota to these endocrine-disrupting compounds.     

Insights into the formation of secondary organic carbon in the summertime in urban Shanghai

To investigate formation mechanisms of secondary organic carbon(SOC) in Eastern China,measurements were conducted in an urban site in Shanghai in the summer of 2015. A period of high O_3 concentrations(daily peak 120 ppb) was observed, during which daily maximum SOC concentrations exceeding 9.0 μg/(C·m~3). Diurnal variations of SOC concentration and SOC/organic carbon(OC) ratio exhibited both daytime and nighttime peaks. The SOC concentrations correlated well with O_x(= O_3+ NO_2) and relative humidity in the daytime and nighttime, respectively, suggesting that secondary organic aerosol formation in Shanghai is driven by both photochemical production and aqueous phase reactions. Single particle mass spectrometry was used to examine the formation pathways of SOC. Along with the daytime increase of SOC, the number fraction of elemental carbon(EC) particles coated with OC quickly increased from 38.1% to 61.9% in the size range of 250–2000 nm, which was likely due to gas-to-particle partitioning of photochemically generated semi-volatile organic compounds onto EC particles. In the nighttime, particles rich in OC components were highly hygroscopic, and number fraction of these particles correlated well with relative humidity and SOC/OC nocturnal peaks. Meanwhile, as an aqueous-phase SOC tracer, particles that contained oxalate-Fe(III) complex also peaked at night. These observations suggested that aqueous-phase processes had an important contribution to the SOC nighttime formation. The influence of aerosol acidity on SOC formation was studied by both bulk and single particle level measurements, suggesting that the aqueous-phase formation of SOC was enhanced by particle acidity.     

The fate of prazosin and levonorgestrel after electrochemical degradation process: Monitoring by-products using LC-TOF/MS

Prazosin (PRZ) and levonorgestrel (LNG) are widely used as an anti-disease drugs due to their biological activity in the human body. The frequent detection of these compounds in water samples requires alternative technologies for the removal of both compounds. After electrochemical degradation of PRZ and LNG, the parent compounds could be completely removed after treatment, but the identification and characterization of by-products are necessary as well. In this study, the effects of NaCl concentration and applied voltage were investigated during the electrochemical degradation process. The results revealed that the increase of NaCl concentration and applied voltage could promote the generation of hypochlorite OCl? and then enhance the degradation of PRZ and LNG. After initial study, 6 V and 0.2 g NaCl were selected for further experiments (96% and 99% removal of PRZ and LNG after 40 min, respectively). Energy consumption was also evaluated and calculated for PRZ and LNG at 3, 6 and 8 V. Solid phase extraction (SPE) method plays an important role in enhancing the detection limit of by-products. Furthermore, characterization and identification of chlorinated and non-chlorinated by-products were conducted using an accurate liquid chromatography-time of flight/mass spectrometry LC-TOF/MS instrument. The monitoring of products during the electrochemical degradation process was performed at 6 V and 0.2 g NaCl in a 50 mL solution. The results indicated that two chlorinated products were formed during the electrochemical process. The toxicity of by-products toward E. coli bacteria was investigated at 37°C and 20 hr incubation time.     

人工注气及生物产气对孔隙介质中DNAPL运移影响

重非水相液体(DNAPLs)的污染和治理问题是国内外研究热点,由地下水曝气技术注入的人工气体或生物作用等产生的气体必然对DNAPL在地下水系统中的运移及修复产生影响.采用CCD实时监测系统,以TCE为目标污染物,通过3个二维砂箱试验,以饱水条件下DNAPL的运移为对照,研究了人工注气及生物产气对DNAPL在孔隙介质中运移的影响.结果表明:(1)基于CCD相机的透射光监测系统是一种研究二维孔隙介质中多相流迁移规律的有效非侵入式监测方法,应用于实时监测水/NAPL,水/气,水/NAPL/气多相系统中流体渗流过程.(2)人工注气和生物产气两种条件下,气体在多孔介质中的分布特征有差异,前一条件下气体连续分布,后一条件下则以非连续分布的气泡为主.(3)在水/气两相系统中,气体的存在使得DNAPL污染羽的整体形状更加不规则;同时缩短了TCE污染羽前缘整体平均垂向下迁距离;也导致迁移路径上孔隙中TCE的截留量变小.DNAPL的入渗过程受重力影响以垂向渗流为主,垂向渗流时易于驱替孔隙中的水分,然而水平渗流时优先驱替孔隙中的空气.     

上海中心城区二氧化氮在线测量比对研究

对比了基于腔衰减相移光谱技术(CAPS)、化学荧光法(CL)和非相干宽带腔增强吸收光谱技术(IBBCEAS)3种不同方法在线测量NO_2浓度的仪器,并于2017年5月10日—6月10日采用3台仪器对上海中心城区大气环境NO_2进行监测,验证了IBBCEAS实验装置的稳定性、灵敏度、检测下限等关键特性,证明可以实现复杂环境下大气痕量气体高精度在线监测.IBBCEAS装置与其它两种仪器监测数据的一致性较好,监测过程中上海市中心NO_2日浓度变化范围为3~63 ppbv.各仪器测量结果之间的线性关系图表明,3种方式对NO_2浓度监测较为准确,偏差普遍在10 ppbv.根据早晚高峰车流量增加情况分析可以看出,NO_2高浓度污染主要来自于车辆排放.另外发现,受局地污染源的影响,NO_2浓度随时间推移而增加.     

相变储能光伏太阳能热泵干燥系统的研究

建立了相变储能光伏太阳能热泵干燥系统实验平台,介绍了系统的运行方式以及太阳能光伏集热蒸发器与直流压缩机的匹配计算,最后对实验数据进行了分析。结果表明,太阳能辐照量为800 W/m~2、光伏集热蒸发器面积为12 m~2的条件下,系统制热功率为10 k W,太阳能光伏集热蒸发器发电量为6.2 k W·h,大于直流压缩机的耗电量,满足供电要求;实验所得系统COP为3.25。相变储能可以解决太阳辐照波动导致的系统运行不稳定问题,具有显著的节能性和环保性。     

好氧颗粒污泥的形成机制、特性及应用研究进展

好氧颗粒污泥凭借其密实的结构、多样的微生物种群以及优良的沉降性能,已经引起了污水生物处理领域许多学者的兴趣.本文总结了近年来国内外好氧颗粒污泥技术和应用的最新研究成果,包括好氧颗粒污泥的形成机制、好氧颗粒污泥的特性及其微生物相、环境条件对好氧颗粒污泥形成的影响、好氧颗粒污泥模型以及在处理市政污水和含毒工业废水上的应用,并展望了好氧颗粒污泥的应用前景.