Recent advances in electrochemical decontamination of perfluorinated compounds from water: a review

● Recent advances in the electrochemical decontamination of PFAS are reviewed. ● Underlying mechanisms and impacting factors of these processes are discussed. ● Several novel couped systems and electrode materials are emphasized. ● Major knowledge gaps and research prospects on PFAS removal are identified. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) pose serious human health and environmental risks due to their persistence and toxicity. Among the available PFAS remediation options, the electrochemical approach is promising with better control. In this review, recent advances in the decontamination of PFAS from water using several state-of-the-art electrochemical strategies, including electro-oxidation, electro-adsorption, and electro-coagulation, were systematically reviewed. We aimed to elucidate their design principles, underlying working mechanisms, and the effects of operation factors (e.g., solution pH, applied voltage, and reactor configuration). The recent developments of innovative electrochemical systems and novel electrode materials were highlighted. In addition, the development of coupled processes that could overcome the shortcomings of low efficiency and high energy consumption of conventional electrochemical systems was also emphasized. This review identified several major knowledge gaps and challenges in the scalability and adaptability of efficient electrochemical systems for PFAS remediation. Materials science and system design developments are forging a path toward sustainable treatment of PFAS-contaminated water through electrochemical technologies.     

湖泊微生物群落构建机制及研究展望

湖泊微生物生态过程研究是深入了解湖泊生态系统结构与功能的关键。论述了湖泊微生物多样性时空分布规律及群落构建机制研究进展,总结了微生物群落构建机制的分析方法,介绍了微生物生态网络构建原理及应用。群落构建机制分析方法分为统计分析法、模型推断法和生态网络分析法。统计分析法包括群落结构差异分析、群落结构-环境因子关联分析和方差分解分析等,此类方法能够初步识别驱动群落组成与结构时空差异的影响因子,判别空间因素与已知环境变量对群落构建过程的相对贡献;模型推断法包括中性群落模型方法和零模型方法等,能够进一步实现对群落构建生态过程的区分,量化和比较随机性因素及确定性因素的相对重要性;生态网络分析法可用于揭示物种共现模式,探究作为确定性因素的生物相互作用,也可用于物种-环境响应关系的研究,探究环境选择过程对群落结构的影响。     

纳米零价铁的生态毒性效应研究进展

纳米零价铁(n ZVI)由于其比表面积大、表面反应活性高以及强还原性,可以作为一种高效的环境修复材料,广泛运用于污染地下水及土壤修复。大量的n ZVI颗粒直接注射到污染位点会增加生态系统的暴露可能性,并且由于n ZVI粒径特别小,能穿过细胞膜和生物体的各类天然屏障,对环境及生态系统存在潜在风险,因此科学家们开始更多地关注n ZVI的生物安全性研究。鉴于n ZVI在环境修复应用中的巨大潜力和可能的毒性效应,对n ZVI环境风险的研究也显得尤为重要。综述了近几年国内外关于n ZVI生态毒性的研究成果,n ZVI对病毒、细菌、微生物群落、以及动植物等都能导致一定的负面效应,尽管其毒性机制尚不明确,但普遍认为n ZVI暴露后铁离子的释放和氧化损伤确实可以引起生物效应,部分研究还分析了环境因素和表面改性对其毒性的影响。文章对其未来的发展方向进行了展望,以期为今后纳米零价铁的研究提供参考。     

酚类环境雌激素对水生生物毒性效应的研究进展

已有研究发现多种酚类化合物可以干扰水生生物正常内分泌代谢,对生物生殖系统、神经系统、免疫系统等产生毒性效应,进而通过食物链的生物放大作用对人体产生危害。酚类化合物对生物体的内分泌干扰效应已经成为了近年来的研究热点。结合近年来国内外毒理学研究进展,在详细概述酚类化合物对水生生物的毒性效应及作用机制的基础上,并对目前研究中存在的问题以及未来的研究方向进行了探讨和展望。     

马缨丹对镉的生长响应及其富集、转运和亚细胞分布特点研究

镉是植物非必需且生物毒性最强的重金属元素之一,然而镉富集植物能通过一定的响应机制来减少镉对自身产生的毒害,且不同植物之间镉的解毒机制存在差异。马缨丹（Lantana camara L.）是四川汉源铅锌矿区镉污染土壤的修复植物,但是关于其镉的分布特征和解毒机制并不明确。因此本文采用盆栽模拟试验,分别设置0（对照,不添加镉）、30、90、150、210 mg·kg-1镉5个处理,研究马缨丹对镉的富集、转运及其亚细胞分布特点,探讨马缨丹对镉的耐性和解毒机制,以期为植物耐镉的生理和分子生物学机制提供一定的理论依据。结果表明：镉质量分数低于90 mg·kg-1时对马缨丹生长没有影响,而镉质量分数高于150 mg·kg-1时对马缨丹生长有显著的抑制作用;随着镉质量分数的增加,马缨丹各器官中镉的质量分数逐渐增加,表现为根＞茎＞叶,且其转运系数小于1,表明马缨丹对镉有较强的根部滞留能力,可限制过量的镉向地上部器官的转运,减少镉对地上部的毒害,这可能是马缨丹耐受镉胁迫的机制之一;随着镉质量分数的增加,马缨丹地下部和地上部的镉富集量总体上均呈增加趋势,在210 mg·kg-1镉处理时,均达到最大值,分别为142.8和1031.6μg·plant-1,不同质量分数镉处理下,马缨丹地上部的镉富集量较大,占全株镉富集量的94.0%~88.3%;镉在马缨丹根和叶细胞可溶性组分中的分配比例最高,分别占62.1%~54.2%和59.8%~52.6%,其次在细胞壁中,分别占23.8%~34.4%和28.7%~39.5%,在细胞器和细胞膜中的较低,表明可溶性组分和细胞壁是镉在马缨丹根和叶细胞中的主要分布位点,液泡区隔化和细胞壁固持可能是马缨丹对镉的重要解毒和耐性机制之一。     

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the atmosphere of sub-alpine northern Italy

The main objective of this work was to assess the atmospheric concentrations and seasonal variations of selected POPs in a sub-alpine location where few data are available. A monitoring and research station was set up at the JRC Ispra EMEP site (Italy). We present and discuss a one-year data set (2005-2006) on PCB air concentrations. ∑7PCBs monthly averaged concentration varied from 31 to 76 pg m⁻³. Concentrations in the gas phase (21-72 pg m⁻³) were higher than those in the particulate phase (3-10 pg m⁻³). Advection of air masses and re-volatilization from local sources seem to play a dominant role as drivers of PCB atmospheric concentrations in the area. Indications of seasonal variation affecting PCB congener patterns and the gas/particulate partitioning were found. Modeling calculations suggest a predominant importance of the wet deposition in this region (1 μg m⁻² yr⁻¹ ∑7PCBs yearly total wet deposition flux; 650-2400 pg L⁻¹ rainwater concentrations).     

骨炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性

通过间歇实验研究了骨炭对重金属Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附特性。探讨了固液比、pH、离子强度、反应时间、温度及初始浓度等因素的影响。实验结果表明,pH与固液比显著影响去除率,温度与离子强度的影响较小。当温度为20℃,pH=2.5,Pb(Ⅱ)的初始浓度为200 mg/L,固液比为1 g/L时,最大去除率近100%。动力学实验结果表明,骨炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附为快速反应,在30 min内可达到平衡,准二级动力学模型可较好地拟合实验结果。等温吸附实验结果表明,Freundlich模型与Langmuir模型均可较好地拟合等温吸附实验结果。骨炭对Pb(Ⅱ)的吸附机制主要为表面络合反应与分解置换-沉淀反应。     

环境因素对气相甲苯光氧化反应机制的影响

以低压汞灯为光源,采用石英管连续流动态反应系统和特氟龙气袋静态反应系统,研究了环境因素〔RH(相对湿度)、温度、光照强度、有氧(空气)/无氧(氮气)气氛条件〕对低浓度(10~20 mg/L)气相甲苯光氧化过程的影响. 结果表明:①RH对甲苯光氧化反应影响显著. 干燥条件(RH为0%~5%)下甲苯光氧化去除率在8.3%~8.7%之间;当环境中有水蒸气存在(RH为20%)时,甲苯光氧化去除率降至6.5%~7.2%,其后光氧化去除率随着RH的进一步增加而逐渐增大,在RH为60%时达到最大值(9.4%~11.5%);但当RH继续增至80%时,去除率迅速降至4.4%~5.6%. ②甲苯光氧化去除率随着温度、光照强度的增加而提高. ③无论是干燥(RH为0%~5%)还是湿润(RH为60%)环境下,甲苯在有氧气氛下的去除率均高于无氧气氛;甲苯在有氧气氛下光氧化产物主要是苯和苯甲醛,在无氧气氛中的产物主要是苯. ④在干燥、有氧条件下,O(1D)应是甲苯光氧化的活性物种;在湿润、有氧条件下,甲苯的光氧化主要是通过·OH氧化降解;在无氧条件下,甲苯的光氧化主要是通过甲苯的直接光解完成.      

Measuring and explaining the EU’s effect on national climate performance

ABSTRACT

To what extent has the European Union (EU) had a benign or retarding effect on what its member states would have undertaken in the absence of EU climate policies during 2008–2012? A measurement tool for the EU policy’s effect is developed and shows a benign average EU effect with considerable variation across countries. The EU’s policy effectiveness vis-à-vis its member states is explained by the EU’s non-compliance mechanism, the degree of usage of the Kyoto flexible mechanisms, and national pre-Kyoto emission reduction goals. Time-series cross-sectional analyses show that the EU’s non-compliance mechanism has no effect, while the ex-ante plans for using Kyoto flexible mechanisms and/or the ambitious pre-Kyoto emission reduction targets allow member states to escape constraints imposed by EU climate policy.     

还原剂作用下Cr(Ⅵ)污染土渗透淋滤特性及成分分析

以湖南某铬污染场地中典型污染土壤为对象,采用硫酸亚铁(FeSO₄)和多硫化钙(CaS_x)2种还原剂,开展土壤修复实验和渗透淋滤实验,探讨不同还原剂对铬污染土渗透淋滤特性的影响规律,利用BCR形态提取和X射线衍射分析方法,评估不同还原剂对铬污染土中Cr(VI)的还原效果。结果表明,FeSO₄修复试样的渗透系数随FeSO₄/Cr(Ⅵ)摩尔比的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,CaS_x修复试样的渗透系数变化呈现相反规律。相同条件下,FeSO₄修复试样的渗透系数较CaS_x修复试样的渗透系数更大,表明CaS_x修复试样的抗渗效果更好。随着还原剂掺量增加,修复试样渗出液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度随之降低,当FeSO₄/Cr(Ⅵ)摩尔比大于3时,渗出液中Cr(Ⅵ)浓度低于Ⅲ类地下水标准Cr(Ⅵ)浓度基准值0.05mg·L⁻¹。类似地,当CaS_x/Cr(Ⅵ)摩尔比大于3时,淋滤实验后期渗出液Cr(Ⅵ)浓度也降至0.05 mg·L⁻¹以下。修复土中铬的赋存形态随还原剂掺量的增大而发生变化,铬由弱酸提取态向可还原态和可氧化态转化,且还原剂摩尔比也会对修复土壤组成成分产生影响。本研究结果可为Cr(Ⅵ)污染场地土壤修复工程提供参考。