Time allocation strategies in insect parasitoids: from ultimate predictions to proximate behavioral mechanisms

As most parasitoids are time limited, they usually die before they have laid all their eggs. In such cases, optimal foraging theory predicts that female parasitoids will adopt behavioral reproductive strategies enabling them to maximize progeny production per unit of time. One key situation in which parasitoid females must optimize their time budget is related to the fact that most of their hosts are distributed in discrete patches in the environment. In this review, I first present the results of basic theoretical models predicting female wasp search duration on a patch of hosts. I then compile and analyze all studies investigating the effect of different factors on parasitoid patch time allocation and patch-leaving decision rules. Different patch-leaving mechanisms that were proposed to explain the results obtained are discussed, along with statistical methods that should be used to estimate them from experimental data. Finally, ideas for future research are presented.     

Interfacial mechanisms of heterogeneous Fenton reactions catalyzed by iron-based materials: A review

The heterogeneous Fenton reaction can generate highly reactive hydroxyl radicals(·OH)from reactions between recyclable solid catalysts and H_2O_2 at acidic or even circumneutral pH.Hence,it can effectively oxidize refractory organics in water or soils and has become a promising environmentally friendly treatment technology.Due to the complex reaction system,the mechanism behind heterogeneous Fenton reactions remains unresolved but fascinating,and is crucial for understanding Fenton chemistry and the development and application of efficient heterogeneous Fenton technologies.Iron-based materials usually possess high catalytic activity,low cost,negligible toxicity and easy recovery,and are a superior type of heterogeneous Fenton catalysts.Therefore,this article reviews the fundamental but important interfacial mechanisms of heterogeneous Fenton reactions catalyzed by iron-based materials..OH,hydroperoxyl radicals/superoxide anions(HO_2./O_2~-.)and high-valent iron are the three main types of reactive oxygen species(ROS),with different oxidation reactivity and selectivity.Based on the mechanisms of ROS generation,the interfacial mechanisms of heterogeneous Fenton systems can be classified as the homogeneous Fenton mechanism induced by surface-leached iron,the heterogeneous catalysis mechanism,and the heterogeneous reaction-induced homogeneous mechanism.Different heterogeneous Fenton systems catalyzed by characteristic iron-based materials are comprehensively reviewed.Finally,related future research directions are also suggested.     

生物脱氮技术中好氧反硝化细菌的代谢及应用研究进展

微生物脱氮是水体氮素去除最常用的有效方式,具有高效、经济和二次污染小等特点.好氧反硝化细菌的发现是微生物脱氮技术的重要里程碑,为新型生物脱氮领域的研发提供了新出路.当前,探究好氧反硝化细菌的脱氮特性及各环境因子（如碳源种类、C/N、温度、pH、DO、盐度、重金属含量等）在好氧条件下对反硝化过程的影响已成为污染水体氮素逸出的研究热点.通过总结好氧反硝化细菌的脱氮机制、筛选来源和种类、鉴定、脱氮特性与环境影响因素及其在实际含氮污染水体中的应用,结果表明,好氧反硝化细菌种类丰富、存在环境广泛,脱氮效率一般在50%以上;目前,好氧反硝化细菌脱氮机理的研究主要停留在氮的转化方面,对其中心碳的代谢研究以及碳氮比对反应机理的具体影响尚未明确,需要进一步探究;有关好氧反硝化细菌的脱氮特性研究尚处于实验室小试或中试阶段.建议进一步筛选高效菌群,进行碳氮代谢途径研究,优化好氧反硝化细菌固定化技术,并将其应用于实际工程中,减少水体中的氮素污染,对于实现高效、经济的脱氮具有重要社会价值.      

腐殖酸在去除水体和土壤中有机污染物的作用

本文叙述了腐殖质的结构及性质,并论述了其与有机污染物结合的特征,即通过疏水作用和氢键作用吸附有机污染物, 表现为增强有机污染物在水体中的溶解度,降低挥发度,增加光解速率以及改变生物可利用率和影响有机污染物毒性等.介绍了腐殖质在去除有机污染物技术中的应用,对染色污染物有较高的去除率,具有较高的净化效果.腐殖酸还可以通过提高PAHs的溶解性和加速PAHs对微生物的生物可利用性来加速PAHs的生物降解.腐殖质的存在可以增加PCBs的溶解性,增加特效菌在腐殖质不同比率的条件下对PCBs不同的接近程度.文章最后指出了腐殖质在今后环境保护领域的发展趋势和研究方向.     

滇池流域荒台地植被恢复工程控制面源污染生态机理

利用标准径流小区技术研究了滇池流域荒台地植被恢复工程对水土及氮磷面源污染物控制效应,用枝叶吸附水量和土壤入渗特征指标评价了恢复的植被树冠截留和径流控制能力,分析了植物枝叶形态特征差异与树冠截留,人工植被恢复与径流调控的关系.结果表明,圣诞树、旱冬瓜和香根草对地表径流、土壤侵蚀及氮磷流失具有良好的控制作用.树冠截留能力强、土壤水库容量大的人工植被系统将导致地表径流、土壤侵蚀、氮磷流失显著减少.叶子小、无角质化、表面粗糙、有表皮毛、含水量低、生物量高,枝表面呈中等粗糙、不分泌脂类物质的植物,具有较高的鲜重吸附水率,能增加人工植被树冠截留.整地过程、植物根系生长和林隙灌草丛的自然恢复改善了荒台地土壤入渗性能,减少了地表径流,最终减轻了面源污染负荷.     

水田中甲烷的发生,释放机制及其削减对策

ＣＨ４是温度效应气体之一，人类的生活和生产活动导致大气中ＣＨ４浓度的增加，通过水田中ＣＨ４的发展，释放机制的研究方法，以及近期研究成果的介绍，提出了控制ＣＨ４发生量的有关技术问题及应采取的有效措施。     

四面山背景区大气湿沉降研究

考察表明四面山是大气清洁背景区;四面山低空大气降水、雾露、等未见酸化,污染较轻;高空大气降水、雨、雪等已酸化,污染较重。四面山大气降水的酸化主要不是云下形成的,即当地源对降水污染不起主要作用,区内存在着酸沉降母质由城区向背景区的输送。     

Atmospheric Nutrient Input to the Baltic Sea from 1850 to 2006: A Reconstruction from Modeling Results and Historical Data

In this study, a consistent basin-wise monthly time series of the atmospheric nutrient load to the Baltic Sea during 1850-2006 was compiled. Due to the lack of a long time series (1850-1960) of nutrient deposition to the Baltic Sea, the data set was compiled by combining a time series of deposition data at the Baltic Nest Institute from 1970 to 2006, published historical monitoring data and deposition estimates, as well as recent modeled Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) emission estimates. The procedure for nitrogen compounds included estimation of the deposition in a few intermediate reference years, linear interpolation between them, and the decomposition of annual deposition into a seasonal deposition pattern. As no reliable monitoring results were found for the atmospheric deposition of phosphorus during the early period of our study, we used published estimates for the temporal and spatial pattern of the phosphorus load.     

应用植物重金属超富集机理修复土壤复合污染的研究现状与展望

超积累植物在修复土壤重金属污染中起着重要的作用,但由于重金属复合污染的存在,许多植物并未能完全适用于实际修复中。本文通过阐述土壤重金属复合污染,参考近年来国际上对超积累植物富集机理的研究,从土壤重金属复合污染自身的交互作用,超积累植物根系活化机理,吸收和运输通道机制,金属配位体的运输与解毒作用,以及细胞分室化现象等各个阶段探讨与展望土壤重金属复合污染修复研究问题。     

青藏高原城镇化及其动力机制分析

青藏高原由于地处高寒偏远 ,社会经济长期处于落后封闭状态 ,社会经济基础薄弱 ,城镇发展缓慢 ,至1952年青藏高原全境解放时其城镇发展水平很低。其后四十多年来 ,青藏高原城镇得到了很大发展 ,城镇化进程加快。由于自然与人文环境具独特性 ,青藏高原城镇发展和城镇化进程独具特色。高原城镇发展表现为总体落后 ,局部发展加速。城镇化现状特征表现为城镇数量少 ,规模小 ,城镇化水平低 ;城镇发展地域差异明显 ,空间上集中在河谷地区 ,呈沿交通线分布格局 ;城镇经济发展水平较低 ,设施落后 ,职能单一 ,缺乏吸引与辐射能力 ,城镇间经济联系弱 ,未能形成高原城镇体系。高原城镇化主要动力是自上而下型的政府投资拉动 ,然而也出现了一些新的投资主体 ,城镇化动力正向多元化发展。