多点渗漏垃圾填埋场三维电学检测能力及影响因素分析

通过理论分析与原位实验,研究三维电学监测系统对垃圾填埋场多渗漏点位置的检测能力,分析影响检测效果的主要因素,以为设计经济、合理、有效的实时监测系统提供依据。结果表明:膜下电位监测法具有清晰的理论基础;供电电流强弱只影响测量电位值大小,不改变其异常形态,供电强度应以保证测量电位具有较高信噪比为原则;电极系极距大小会影响对相邻漏洞的检测能力,当极距小于相邻漏洞间距时,系统可对漏点位置进行有效反映;供电电极A在填埋场顶层中部布设、B极在膜下多点相连布设的布极方式,有利于漏点检测;漏洞越大,相应位置的测量电位值越高;划痕状漏洞不易被测出。利用膜下电极系测量的电阻率剖面对漏点具有较好的反映能力,并可实现渗滤液在地下扩散过程的监测。     

有机硅改性破乳-絮凝剂在含油污水处理中的应用

采用破乳-絮凝法结合有机硅表面活性剂处理塔里木油田含油污水,以水样的油含量、Zeta电位、显微照片、界面张力为考察参数,得到一种新型水处理剂NP-22。NP-22为有机硅改性破乳-絮凝剂,其配方为破乳-絮凝剂YL-7和有机硅表面活性剂321的质量比95∶15。在NP-22加入量90 mg/L、反应温度45℃、沉降时间90min的优化条件下处理含油污水,水样的油含量由728.8 mg/L降至34.3 mg/L,除油率达95.3%。有机硅表面活性剂321可有效降低油水界面张力,与YL-7复合使用,可取得更好的除油效果。     

废粘土砖粉潜在活性探究

通过将磨细的废砖粉取代水泥制作胶砂试件,并测其抗折、抗压强度值来研究废砖粉的潜在活性,并在此基础上,进一步研究了石灰对废砖粉活性的激发作用.结果表明：磨细的废砖粉具有潜在活性,且粒径越小,活性越大;在一定掺量时,石灰可进一步激发废砖粉的活性.     

长江经济带市域生态文明建设现状及发展潜力初探

生态文明建设是长江经济带下一阶段的工作重点之一。从生态文明和发展潜力的内涵出发,构建了耦合协调度模型和发展潜力模型,并对长江经济带生态文明建设情况进行分析。研究发现:(1)长江经济带东中西部生态文明特征差异明显,东部为经济、社会系统优势区,中部为相对协调区,西部为自然系统相对优势区;(2)当前长江经济带生态文明格局主要受经济因素的影响;(3)协调发展地区整体上表现出最佳的生态文明发展潜力,协调发展应成为长江经济带生态文明建设的重要途径。     

Non-intrusive characterization of the redox potential of landfill leachate plumes from self-potential data

Contaminant plumes (e.g., associated with leakages from municipal landfills) provide a source of natural electrical potentials (or "self-potentials") recordable at the Earth's surface. One contribution to these self-potentials is associated with pore water flow (i.e., the "streaming potential"), and the other is related to redox conditions. A contaminant plume can be regarded as a "geobattery": the source current potentially results from the degradation of the organic matter by micro-organisms, which produces electrons. These electrons are then carried by nanowires that connect bacteria and thorough metallic particles that precipitate in areas of strong redox potential gradient. In the case of the Entressen landfill (South of France), reported here, the hydraulic head differences measured in piezometers outside the contaminant plume is strongly linked to the surface self-potential signals, with a correlation coefficient of -0.94. We used a Bayesian method that combines hydraulic head and self-potential data collected outside the contaminated area to estimate the streaming potential component of the collected self-potential data. Once the streaming potential contribution was removed from the measured self-potentials, the correlation coefficient between the residual self-potentials and the measured redox potentials in the aquifer was 0.92. The slope of this regression curve was close to 0.5, which was fairly consistent with both finite element modelling and the proposed geobattery model.     

Modelling and mapping long-term risks due to reactive nitrogen effects: an overview of LRTAP convention activities

Long-range transboundary air pollution has caused severe environmental effects in Europe. European air pollution abatement policy, in the framework of the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP Convention) and the European Union Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) programme, has used critical loads and their exceedances by atmospheric deposition to design emission abatement targets and strategies. The LRTAP Convention International Cooperative Programme on Modelling and Mapping Critical Loads and Levels and Air Pollution Effects, Risks and Trends (ICP M&M) generates European critical loads datasets to enable this work. Developing dynamic nitrogen flux models and using them for a prognosis and assessment of nitrogen effects remains a challenge. Further research is needed on links between nitrogen deposition effects, climate change, and biodiversity.     

城市土地集约利用潜力的分类与分阶

研究城市土地集约利用潜力的类别与阶次细分,为城市土地集约利用挖潜的具体步骤提供宏观导向。研究结果表明,按照潜力的属性,应将城市土地集约利用潜力分为面积潜力、经济潜力;在时间尺度上,按挖潜程度的难易,城市土地集约利用潜力可分为一阶、二阶、三阶、四阶。城市土地集约利用潜力评价应将潜力测算的结果进行分类分阶,这样才能使城市土地集约挖潜工作落到实处,可操作性更强。     

Distribution and variability of redox zones controlling spatial variability of arsenic in the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer, southeastern Arkansas

Twenty one of 118 irrigation water wells in the shallow (25-30 m thick) Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer in the Bayou Bartholomew watershed, southeastern Arkansas had arsenic (As) concentrations (<0.5 to 77 microg/L) exceeding 10 microg/L. Sediment and groundwater samples were collected and analyzed from the sites of the highest, median, and lowest concentrations of As in groundwater in the alluvial aquifers located at Jefferson County, Arkansas. A traditional five-step sequential extraction was performed to differentiate the exchangeable, carbonate, amorphous Fe and Mn oxide, organic, and hot HNO(3)-leachable fraction of As and other compounds in sediments. The Chao reagent (0.25 M hydroxylamine hydrochloride in 0.25 M HCl) removes amorphous Fe and Mn oxides and oxyhydroxides (present as coatings on grains and amorphous minerals) by reductive dissolution and is a measure of reducible Fe and Mn in sediments. The hot HNO(3) extraction removes mostly crystalline metal oxides and all other labile forms of As. Significant total As (20%) is complexed with amorphous Fe and Mn oxides in sediments. Arsenic abundance is not significant in carbonates or organic matter. Significant (40-70 microg/kg) exchangeable As is only present at shallow depth (0-1 m below ground surface). Arsenic is positively correlated to Fe extracted by Chao reagent (r=0.83) and hot HNO(3) (r=0.85). Arsenic extracted by Chao reagent decreases significantly with depth as compared to As extracted by hot HNO(3). Fe (II)/Fe (the ratio of Fe concentration in the extracts of Chao reagent and hot HNO(3)) is positively correlated (r=0.76) to As extracted from Chao reagent. Although Fe (II)/Fe increases with depth, the relative abundance of reducible Fe decreases noticeably with depth. The amount of reducible Fe, as well as As complexed to amorphous Fe and Mn oxides and oxyhydroxides decreases with depth. Possible explanations for the decrease in reducible Fe and its complexed As with depth include historic flushing of As and Fe from hydrous ferric oxides (HFO) by microbially-mediated reductive dissolution and aging of HFO to crystalline phases. Hydrogeochemical data suggests that the groundwater in the area falls in the mildly reducing (suboxic) to relatively highly reducing (anoxic) zone, and points to reductive dissolution of HFO as the dominant As release mechanism. Spatial variability of gypsum solubility and simultaneous SO(4)(2-) reduction with co-precipitation of As and sulfide is an important limiting process controlling the concentration of As in groundwater in the area.     

Influence of flooding and metal immobilising soil amendments on availability of metals for willows and earthworms in calcareous dredged sediment-derived soils

Soil amendments previously shown to be effective in reducing metal bioavailability and/or mobility in calcareous metal-polluted soils were tested on a calcareous dredged sediment-derived soil with 26 mg Cd/kg dry soil, 2200 mg Cr/kg dry soil, 220 mg Pb/kg dry soil, and 3000 mg Zn/kg dry soil. The amendments were 5% modified aluminosilicate (AS), 10% w/w lignin, 1% w/w diammonium phosphate (DAP, (NH₄)₂HPO₄), 1% w/w MnO, and 5% w/w CaSO₄. In an additional treatment, the contaminated soil was submerged. Endpoints were metal uptake in Salix cinerea and Lumbricus terrestris, and effect on oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) in submerged soils. Results illustrated that the selected soil amendments were not effective in reducing ecological risk to vegetation or soil inhabiting invertebrates, as metal uptake in willows and earthworms did not significantly decrease following their application. Flooding the polluted soil resulted in metal uptake in S. cinerea comparable with concentrations for an uncontaminated soil.     

The use of electrolyte redox potential to monitor the Ce(IV)/Ce(III) couple

Mathematical modelling of the oxidation reduction redox potential (ORP) of an electrolyte has been carried out for a batch system comprising an electrochemical reactor and an electrolyte circuit containing a redox couple. The ORP can be useful to monitor the environmental impact of chemical species in solution that represent a risk to the environment. Considerations of four fundamental equations, namely, the Nernst equation, a mass balance, Faraday's laws of electrolysis and a first order kinetic equation, leads to an expression for the electrolyte redox potential as a function of the batch time, the electrical charge and the redox concentration. Such an expression facilitates graphical plots which can be used to estimate kinetic parameters, current efficiency and the relative redox concentration. The Ce(IV)/Ce(III) system has been chosen as a model reaction for electrolyte redox potential measurement in a batch recycle system consisting of a pumped flow through a divided FM01-LC parallel-plate electrochemical reactor (64cm(2) projected electrode area) and a well mixed tank (3600cm(3)). The differences between experimental and model predictions are discussed.