基于监测及Kriging方法的京津冀地区大气污染物暴露分布研究

为了实现充分利用已有环境监测站点数据进行人群精细化暴露评估的目的,同时解决某些待测人群社区周边无监测站点时数据的选择问题,以保定市作为大气高污染研究城市,基于现场监测和Kriging（克里金插值）空间分析方法,明确了在研究大气污染物人群暴露时,某一个固定监测站污染物数据的代表性问题.研究表明:对于大气中φ（SO₂）、φ（NO₂）、颗粒物及其组分,空气质量监测点位的代表性一般为5~6 km;对于φ（CO）、φ（O₃）和φ（VOCs）,它们在城市不同地区的空间分布更为均匀,空气质量监测点位的代表性范围更大.通过使用Radial Basis Functions（径向基函数,RBF）、Local Polynomial Interpolation（局部多项式插值,LPI）、Inverse Distance Weighting（反距离权重插值,IDW）、Kriging、Kernel Smoothing（内核平滑插值,KS）和Diffusion Kernel（内核扩散插值,DK）等6种空间分析方法对大气污染物浓度进行预测发现,Kriging方法对大气污染物浓度预测时可使预测值和实测值间的偏差小于10%,准确度最高.因此,在进行某城市某点位的污染物人群暴露浓度预测时,若该点位周边5 km以内有空气质量监测点位,则可用该点位的监测值代替;若5 km以内没有空气质量监测点位,则可基于最近监测点位的污染物浓度进行Kriging空间插值,从而获得该点位的污染物暴露水平.      

中国GBZ2.1与德国MAK工作场所化学有害因素职业接触限值比较研究

系统比较中国现行职业接触限值标准GBZ2.1-2007与德国职业接触限值MAK在定义、制定原则和具体数值方面的差异,为中国GBZ2.1的修订提供建议和依据。将 GBZ2.1中规定的OELs与德国MAK于2015年公布的化学有害因素 OELs ,按不同类型建立比较分析数据库,并进行比较分析,分析结果表明:中德2国在职业接触限值的制定原则,化学有害因素的来源、数量与标识等方面有显著差异。 因此,我国应加强对化学性有害因素孕期毒性接触限值的研究和应用。中德在选择化学性有害因素制定OELs时各有侧重,我国在重金属方面制定的OELs,如:钴、钼、铍、铊等,是德国MAK以及美国ACGIH中所未有的,而德国则不再为致癌物质制定OELs。中、德均制定有OELs的化学性有害因素在数值上差异较大,中国有部分OELs同时高于德国MAK和美国ACGIH。我国的职业接触限值更新频率较慢,应缩短OELs更新周期,在对现行的GBZ2.1进行制修订时,可将发达国家OELs作为1项参考。德国风险分级评估方法对致癌物质的管理和评估值得进一步探讨及研究。     

我国北方典型地区居民呼吸暴露参数研究

呼吸暴露参数是准确估算人体对污染物的暴露剂量和健康风险评估的重要参数之一,而我国目前对于该项工作的调查研究较少.采用问卷调查的方式对我国北方典型地区——太原的2 860名受试者进行了时间-活动模式的研究,结合人体能量估算模型,计算出适合该地区居民的呼吸速率参数,并与国内外情况进行对比分析.结果表明:该地区居民室内日平均活动时间为16.1～18.4 h;不同性别、不同年龄组的城市和农村居民从事各种强度活动的时间有很大差异;同时得出,该市城市居民长期暴露的呼吸速率参数为10.72～14.53 m3/d,农村居民为15.61～22.59 m3/d.与我国相关文献数据和美国环境保护署(US EPA)的数据相比,如果直接引用US EPA的数据,将会给健康风险带来30%～50%的偏差.      

基于健康风险的土壤修复目标研究程序与方法——以多环芳烃污染土壤再利用工程为例

提出了基于人体健康风险的土壤修复目标的制定方法和程序,并以上海市某重大工程多环芳烃污染土壤处理后再利用工程为例,模拟了多环芳烃在处置场地上的多介质迁移途径及人体暴露场景。模拟结果显示,填埋场污染土壤苯并(a)芘(该污染物毒性因子高,毒性强,致癌风险相对较大)经口摄入和皮肤接触途径最大致癌暴露量分别为1.89×10-6和0.93×10-6mg.kg-1.d-1,人体最大致癌风险水平分别为1.38×10-5和6.79×10-6,超出了中国规定的单致癌污染物的可接受风险水平(≤10-6)。苯并(a)芘呼吸吸入途径最大致癌暴露量为7.79×10-10mg.m-3,人体最大致癌风险水平为6.86×10-10。基于场地的特征条件和参数,以保护人体健康为目的,确定了再利用作为填埋场中层覆土的土壤中5种多环芳烃污染物的修复目标限值(w,mg.kg-1)分别为:苯并(a)芘,0.994;二苯并(a,h)蒽,0.995;苯并(a)蒽,9.95;苯并(b)荧蒽,9.95;苯并(k)荧蒽,99.5。     

The BG Measurement System for Hazardous Substances (BGMG) and the Exposure Database of Hazardous Substances (MEGA)

German employers ‘ liability insurance associations or Berufsgenossenschaften (BGs)—institutions for statutoryaccident insurance—maintain a measurement system for hazardous substances, the so-called BGMG. The aimof the BGMG is to determine and document valid results of measurements of exposure primarily for preventionpurposes. The data are collected systematically, in parallel to the sampling in a company. Parameters which aresupposed to have a visible effect on exposure levels are documented. The MEGA database (documentation ofmeasurement data relating to workplace exposure to hazardous substances) holds 1,629 million measurementvalues, which have been compiled in since 1972. The database offers a host of selection possibilities forassessments depending on the evaluation strategy.     

EU Directive,ICNIRP Guidelines and Polish Legislation on Electromagnetic Fields

This review describes the general provisions of and the philosophy behind European Directive 2004/40/EC and ICNIRP (International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection) guidelines. As an example of national legislation on the protection of workers against excessive electromagnetic field exposure, regulations established in Poland are summarized. The problems of a practical implementation of the Directive’s provisions are discussed.     

Occupational Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons During Diesel Combustion

Identification and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Diesel exhaust in the working environment and assessment of workers’ occupational exposure to these suspected human carcinogens were the aim of this experimental investigation.

The range of exposure factors calculated on the basis of 9 individual PAH concentrations determined in personal air samples shows that time-averaged concentration of these compounds did not exceed the Polish Maximum Admissible Concentration (MAC) value for PAHs, that is, 2 μg·m^–3. The highest concentrations of PAHs were determined in the breathing zone of forklift operators. The maximum exposure factor was 0.427 μg·m^–3 (about 1/4 of MAC).     

A System for Measuring Vertical Concentration Profiles of Gaseous Pollutants,Using Carbon Dioxide as a Case Study

An electronically-controlled sampling system, characterised by its organ pipe design, has been developed for sampling air sequentially, at different heights within the breathing zone. Data are automatically logged at the different receptor levels, for the determination of the average vertical concentration profile of gaseous pollutants. The system has been coupled to a carbon dioxide monitor and used in a brief study of the spatial and temporal variation of indoor carbon dioxide concentration. The system can easily be extended for different heights or modified for use with other types of gas monitor. The results of a trial run, which was carried out in a coffee room, are presented and applications of the Organ Pipe Sequential Sampling (OPSS) system are discussed.     

医疗保健行业中的纳米材料：职业风险和预防

欧洲职业健康安全署近期发布电子纪要,解释了保健行业工作者在他们工作场所的日常活动中如何与纳米材料发生可能的接触,并提供了预防潜在接触可以采取的措施。这些措施包括国家层面的法律监管、消除与替代、工程控制、管理措施以及个体防护装备（PPE）。作者特编译此文,为国内相关领域提供参考。     

Experimental analysis of radiographer exposure to the static field from a 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging machine

Introduction. This study measures the exposure of occupational therapists from a 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine. Method. A total of 14 time-series on each of the chest, head and hand were taken before and after different MRI procedures. The peak values were noted in each case together with an average of all data recorded in the time-series. Results. The highest exposure recorded was observed on the hand, followed by the head and the chest. The overall maximum exposure (1479.40?mT) recorded was observed on the hand during a change of coil. It was also observed that the recorded exposure of experienced radiographers working in the MRI environment was less than that of junior staff due to different practices. Conclusion. This study is of significant importance in Malta since it is the first conducted in a MRI environment, especially because the results were compared with limits imposed by EU Directive 2013/35/EU which has to be implemented by July 2016.