关于不同海拔高度宇宙射线吸收剂量率测量方法的探讨

本文报道了使用FT—620型照射量率仪和高压电离室对四川省不同海拔高度宇宙射线电离成份所致空气吸收剂量率的测量结果。测量水面是四川省的三岔湖(海拨461米);邛海(海拔1510米);泸沽湖(海拔2690米)。根据测量结果经过换算,得出了在一定的地理纬度下,宇宙射线电离成份所致空气吸收剂量率随海拔高度的变化曲线。由此可评价不同海拨高度地区,宇宙射线电离成份所致居民受照剂量和计算陆地r辐射剂量率     

Monitoring of Daily Integrated Exposure of Outdoor Workers to Respirable Particulate Matter in an Urban Region of India

It is more and more recognised that an estimation of the exposure of the population to air pollutants is more relevant than the ambient air quality, since it gives a better indication of health risk. Outdoor workers in an urban region are generally of low income status and are exposed to higher levels of both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Hence respondents from this population subgroup have been selected for this study. Outdoor workers are divided into two categories, viz. traffic constables and casual outdoor workers like watchmen, roadside shopkeepers etc. Most of the respondents are from the lower income group. Each respondent is monitored for a continuous 48-hour period. The sampling frequency is once a week.The study region is situated in the north-west part of the Greater Mumbai Municipal Corporation. It can be classified as industrial cum residential area. The daily integrated exposure of the outdoor workers consists of two major micro-environments, viz. occupational and indoor residential.A personal air sampler was used along with a cyclone to measure levels of Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM). The cyclone has a 50% removal efficiency for particle diameter of 5 m. Paired samples of PM10 (ambient) and RPM (personal) were collected to establish the correlation between them. The average 24-hour integrated exposure to RPM was 322 g/m3 and exceeded the corresponding PM10 level observed at the nearest Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Station by a factor of 2.25. The 90% confidence interval for this exposure is 283–368 g/m3. This study clearly demonstrates that the daily integrated exposure and therefore the health risk of outdoor workers in an urban area is significantly more serious than that indicated by ambient air quality data.     

Using urban man-made ponds to reconstruct a 150-year history of air pollution in northwest England

A regional pollution history has been reconstructed for the borough of Halton (northwest England) from four urban ponds in north Cheshire and south Merseyside, using environmental analyses of lake sediment stratigraphies. Mineral magnetism, geochemistry and radiometric dating have produced profiles of pollution characteristics dating from the mid-nineteenth century to present day. These pollution profiles reflect the atmospheric deposition of a range of pollutants over 150 years of intensified industry. Distinct phases of pollution deposition and characteristics are identified reflecting: (1) intensification of industry in the nineteenth century; (2) expansion of industry during the twentieth century; (3) post 1956 Clean Air Acts. This work promotes the potential use of these pollution archives for use in epidemiology to better understand links between human health and environmental pollution, especially for diseases with long latency times, where retrospective pollution exposure assessments are important.     

500kV户外型变电站作业场所电磁环境实测分析

为了研究500k V户外型变电站作业场所的电磁环境,利用EFA-300电磁场强分析仪对9座不同类型的500 k V变电站作业场所的电磁场强度进行实测。共设置412个测点,覆盖3种典型变电站的室内作业场所和室外作业场所。测试结果显示:室内作业场所电磁场强度均远远低于国家关于公众暴露限值的标准(E≤4 k V/m,B≤100μT);不同类型500k V户外型变电站室外作业场所的电磁场强度平均值由高到低为:HGIS型变电站>AIS型变电站>GIS型变电站,表明GIS型配电方式更有利于减轻电磁污染。室外作业场所共有19.8%的测点电场强度超过我国行业标准(E≤5 k V/m),0.7%的测点磁感应强度超过我国行业标准(B≤500μT),其高电磁场强度区域集中在高压侧设备区以及电抗器密集区,最高电场强度达到14.860 k V/m,最高磁感应强度达到856μT,应重视此类区域工作人员的电磁场防护工作。     

Modeling of variations in nitrogen trichloride concentration over time in swimming pool water

In water, chlorine reacts with nitrogen-containing compounds to produce disinfection by-products such as nitrogen trichloride which induces ocular and respiratory irritations in swimming pool workers. This study proposes a model to predict variations in NCl₃ concentration over time in a traditional indoor swimming pool as a function of its operating parameters and attendance. The model was developed taking into consideration the reaction mechanisms, thermodynamic equilibria, physico-chemical properties, and transfer mechanisms occurring at the pool's surface. This model was validated through a robust series of experiments over two days and two nights in a real swimming pool. The model was found to satisfactorily predict variations over time in the concentrations of the chemical species investigated, including nitrogen trichloride. The work presented constitutes a first step to extend the model at different swimming pools. This approach may also be used to study the influence of the main operating parameters and to evaluate the impact of setting up water treatment systems on nitrogen trichloride concentration.     

Objective exposure to road traffic noise,noise annoyance and self-rated poor health – framing the relationship between noise and health as a matter of multiple stressors and resources in urban neighbourhoods

Borrowing from concepts of socio-environmental epidemiology and psychology, we conceived self-rated health as a function of multiple physical and psychosocial stressors and resources at the residential neighbourhood and individual level. In this model of multiple stressors, objective exposure to road traffic noise was specified as a physical stressor whose effect on health may be mediated and modified by residents’ subjective response to noise (serious noise annoyance). Self-reported hearing disability, recreational coping in green areas and residential neighbourhood satisfaction were examined as additional psychosocial stressors or resources, independently of socio-demographic and -economic factors. Results from our empirical analysis based on two studies and multivariable logistic regressions might support the idea that environmental planning should overcome sectoral boundaries and adopt an integrative approach including objective exposures, residents’ subjective responses, and perceived resources.     

雄烯二酮长期暴露对食蚊鱼肝脏生物转化酶系的影响

为了研究雄烯二酮(4-androstene-3,17-dione,AED)长期暴露对食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis)肝脏7-乙氧基-3-异酚恶唑脱乙基酶(EROD)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)的影响,分别利用不同浓度的AED(0.14、1.4、14、140 nmol·L-1和420 nmol·L-1)对食蚊鱼仔鱼进行180 d的水浴暴露,同时设丙酮和空白对照组,分别于第180天取样后测定肝脏的EROD和GST活性.结果表明,与对照组相比,AED对食蚊鱼雌性幼鱼的体重和体长均起到显著的抑制作用,对食蚊鱼雄性幼鱼的体重和体长的影响不明显,只有最高浓度起抑制作用.AED对食蚊鱼幼鱼EROD的抑制作用与暴露浓度呈显著的剂量关系.各浓度组AED对雌性食蚊鱼幼鱼和雄性食蚊鱼幼鱼GST活性的影响大致呈现出倒"U"曲线的趋势.     

Headspace and small-chamber studies of airborne diacetyl release from selected food flavoring mixtures: activity coefficients and air modeling implications

Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate airborne release of diacetyl from selected mixtures simulating butter flavorings added to foods. The test materials included diacetyl (97% purity); 0.015%, 0.15%, 1.5%, and 3.0% diacetyl in a water/propylene glycol mixture; 1.5% diacetyl in deionized water or soybean oil; and 3% or 6% diacetyl in a commercial steam distillate from milk fermentation known as “butter starter distillate.” Diacetyl was quantified by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Expected concentration-dependent emission patterns based on liquid diacetyl content were demonstrated, but were significantly altered by mixture composition. Soybean oil and deionized water more readily released diacetyl when compared with starter distillate, propylene glycol solutions, and pure diacetyl. Measured diacetyl concentrations under static headspace and dynamic flow-chamber conditions were compared to estimated concentrations utilizing Raoult's law with published and fitted activity coefficient corrections for each mixture, indicating that published coefficients often understated the measured concentrations. It is concluded that headspace (static) and small-chamber (dynamic) measurements of airborne diacetyl provide data to assist in validating model-estimated airborne diacetyl concentrations by using mixture-specific activity coefficients. Implications of these empirical data for validating exposure estimates for diacetyl based on near-field/far-field modeling in workplace settings are discussed.     

Inhibition of ROS elevation and damage to mitochondrial function prevents lead-induced neurotoxic effects on structures and functions of AFD neurons in Caenorhabditis elegans

Here we investigated the possible roles of oxidative stress in the formation of decreased thermotaxis to cultivation temperature in lead (Pb)-exposed nematodes Caenorhabditis elagans. Exposure to Pb at the examined concentrations decreased thermotaxis behaviors, and induced severe deficits in the structural properties of AFD sensory neurons. Meanwhile, Pb exposure caused the induction of severe oxidative damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial dysfunction in young adults. Moreover, pre-treatment with the antioxidants dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ascorbate and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), used to inhibit both the ROS elevation and the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by Pb exposure, at the L2-larval stage prevented the induction of oxidative damage and the formation of severe deficits in thermotaxis and structural properties of AFD sensory neurons in Pb-exposed young adults. Therefore, the formation of oxidative stress caused by Pb exposure may be due to both the induction of ROS elevation and damage to mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress may play a key role in inducing the neurotoxic effects on the structures and function of AFD sensory neurons in Pb-exposed nematodes.     

牙科汞齐造成的汞污染研究进展

除了食鱼之外,牙汞齐是一般人群汞暴露的重要途径.对于牙汞齐所引起的汞释放及其对人体造成的危害从动物暴露实验和孕妇牙汞齐对母亲和胎儿体内汞含量的影响两方面进行了综述,表明牙汞齐会造成动物肝脏、肾脏及脑组织中汞浓度的升高,孕妇口腔中牙汞齐会在孕妇及胎儿体内造成汞累积;关于牙科废水汞含量以废水处理的研究近年来引起人们的关注,众多研究表明牙科诊所排放出来的废水中的汞是可以为生物所吸收利用的,会对地表水造成污染,在牙科诊所中安放汞分离器是国外普遍采用的方法,但分离器的效率需要进一步提高.最后从牙汞齐对人体健康的影响、汞释放机理、牙科废水处理等方面给出了研究建议.目前我国对于牙科汞齐造成的汞污染尚未给予充分重视,建议开展牙汞齐对人体和环境影响的研究与评价,以正确认识其危害,进行治理,减少人体汞暴露以及汞的环境排放量.