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861.
新污染物治理及风险防控是国家重大需求。开展新污染物治理需评估其环境暴露,然而利用环境监测手段评价大尺度区域污染特征所需成本高,且难以全面、系统地反映污染物的环境归趋。多介质环境模型可以对新污染物的迁移、转化及环境归趋进行准确描述,是进行新污染物环境暴露评价的有效工具。与传统多介质环境模型相比,环境多介质空间分异模型具有分辨率高、精度高、可反映污染物分布的空间差异性等优点。海洋是新污染物重要的汇,构建陆海统筹的环境多介质空间分异模型势在必行。本文概述了当前国内外面向新污染物环境暴露评价的环境多介质空间分异模型,并对模型构建流程、相关参数获取方法及未来研究前景进行了综述。
相似文献862.
采用气相色谱质谱联用仪检测了我国西北干旱地区皋兰县城各区域土壤中18种多氯联苯(PCBs),并利用主成分分析、多元线性回归分析以及暴露模型对研究区PCBs污染来源、人群暴露和健康风险进行了探究和评价.研究区土壤PCBs浓度为3.675~19.146 ng·g-1,临近工业园区和城区的农田土壤平均污染程度较高,四氯联苯和五氯联苯在∑18PCBs中占有较高的质量分数.PCBs污染源以含PCBs电器设备回收处置相关的IP-PCBs污染源、燃烧和工业热过程源以及与燃烧相关的污染源为主,燃烧和工业热过程源可能会对研究区PCBs污染具有更大的贡献.研究区各类人群由于PCBs暴露导致的致癌风险较低,非致癌风险也处于可接受水平,但燃烧及工业热过程作为研究区可能的主要PCBs来源,可能会对当地长期居住的人群带来不利影响,需给予重视. 相似文献
863.
皮脂-角质层是有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)从环境进入人体皮肤的桥梁,揭示OPFRs在皮脂-角质层中浓度的垂直分布规律,对于准确评估OPFRs的皮肤暴露剂量有重要意义.本研究选取40名在校大学生为志愿者,基于胶带粘贴技术,分5层采集了志愿者额头皮脂-角质层样品,采用气相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱仪测定其中9种OPFRs的浓度.结果显示,在校大学生额头5层皮脂-角质层中Σ9OPFRs的总浓度为1320~3650 ng?m-2,平均浓度为2550 ng?m-2.其中TDCIPP含量最高(933 ng?m-2),TPP最低(3.1 ng?m-2);除TPHP男性显著高于女性外(p<0.01),男女额头表面OPFRs负荷无显著性别差异.整体上,9种OPFRs均在表层皮脂中的浓度最高,且随深度增加逐步降低,Σ9OPFRs在5层皮脂-角质层中的浓度变异系数为71%±22%.基于皮脂-角质层第1和第5层中OPFRs浓度估算其皮肤暴露剂量,分别为1.7×10-4 ng?kg-1? d-1和2.3×10-5 ng?kg-1? d-1,存在显著的差异.由此可知,OPFRs在皮脂-角质层中并非均匀分布,基于擦拭法获取皮肤表层皮脂中OPFRs的平均浓度并用于评估OPFRs皮肤暴露剂量,可能显著高估其生物学实际暴露水平. 相似文献
864.
收集了我国29个省级行政区的464个室内苯浓度数据,基于中国人群暴露参数计算了我国成年人群在不同室内场景的苯暴露致癌风险;应用蒙特卡洛方法推导我国室内苯浓度健康阈值.结果表明,全国各类场景的室内苯浓度几何均值为0.030mg/m3.4种室内场景中,职业暴露场所具有最高的苯残留水平,均值为0.052mg/m3;居室暴露风险贡献最大,人群终生致癌风险为9.30×10-5;基于中国人群暴露参数推导的健康限值为0.020mg/m3,略低于我国修改后的《室内空气质量标准》(GB/T18883-2022)中规定苯的限值.我国部分居民存在高于可接受水平的室内苯暴露的致癌风险,居室暴露风险尤其值得关注.室内苯标准的修改和实施有利于室内苯污染的控制和降低人群苯暴露致癌风险. 相似文献
865.
866.
Hao Zhang Hong Li Zhijian Peng Juan Cao Jiemeng Bao Lei Li Xuezhong Wang Yuanyuan Ji Zhuojiong Chen 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2022,34(4):204-210
To investigate the effect of low-level occupational benzene exposure on human peripheral blood leukocyte counts of the workers, domestic and foreign published research data on the change of human peripheral blood leukocyte counts under low-level occupational benzene exposure from January 1990 to December 2020 were collected and analyzed. According to the literature inclusion and exclusion criteria, 18 independent studies from 12 publications were selected for meta-analysis to explore the effect ... 相似文献
867.
Jiuli Yang Mingyang Liu Qu Cheng Lingyue Yang Xiaohui Sun Haidong Kan Yang Liu Michelle L. Bell Rohini Dasan Huiwang Gao Xiaohong Yao Yang Gao 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2022,16(5):56
868.
The aging of many of the installations in the oil and gas industry may increase the likelihood of loss of containment of flammable substances, which could lead to major accidents. Flame temperatures in a typical hydrocarbon fire may reach 1100–1200 °C, which are associated with heat flux levels between 250 and 350 kW/m2. To limit or delay the escalation of an initial fire, passive fire protection (PFP) can be an effective barrier. Additionally, both equipment and piping may require thermal insulation for heat or cold conservation. Previous studies have investigated whether thermal insulation alone may protect the equipment for a required time period, e.g., until adequate depressurization is achieved. The present study entails the development of a numerical model for predicting the heat transport through a multi-layer wall of a distillation column exposed to fire. The outer surface is covered by stainless-steel weather protective cladding, followed by PFP, thermal insulation, and finally an inner column of carbon steel of variable thicknesses. The model for the breakdown of thermal insulation is based on observed dimensional changes and independent measurements of the thermal conductivity of the insulation after heat treatment. The calculated temperature profiles of thermally insulated carbon steel during fire exposure are compared to fire test results for carbon steel with thicknesses of 16, 12, 6 and 3 mm. The model's predictions agree reasonably well with the experiments. The degradation of the thermal insulation at temperatures above 1100 °C limits its applicability as fire protection, especially for low carbon-steel thickness. However, the model predicts that adding a 10-mm layer of more heat-resistant insulation (PFP) inside the fire-exposed cladding may considerably extend the time to breakdown of the thermal insulation. 相似文献
869.
六溴环十二烷(hexabromocyclododecanes, HBCD)是一种溴含量很高的脂环族添加型阻燃剂,曾被广泛应用于生产聚苯乙烯类保温材料、纺织品和电气及电子设备等。由于HBCD与产品没有化学结合,在生产、使用和处置过程中会不可避免地从产品中释放出来,HBCD已被证明对生物的肝脏、甲状腺和神经等产生毒性作用,在生物体内积累会对人体造成严重危害。近年来,在日常用品、大气、水、土壤和各种生物体内甚至母乳中都检测到了HBCD的存在,对人类和环境具有潜在的长期危害。食品、空气和灰尘是人体摄入HBCD的主要途径,无论何处接触途径,学步儿童的接触率均高于成年人,且HBCD的职业暴露对职业人员的健康影响更为严重。综述了HBCD在环境介质和生物体内的分布及测定方法,总结了其对生物体的毒性作用,并探讨了HBCD的人体暴露途径及风险评估,提出关于HBCD的未来研究应更多地关注职业人群的暴露途径与风险,探索HBCD对人体作用的潜在机制。 相似文献
870.
Fabien Verniest;Thomas Galewski;Olivier Boutron;Laura Dami;Pierre Defos du Rau;Anis Guelmami;Romain Julliard;Nadège Popoff;Marie Suet;Loïc Willm;Wed Abdou;Hichem Azafzaf;Nadjiba Bendjedda;Taulant Bino;John J. Borg;Luka Božič;Mohamed Dakki;Rhimou El Hamoumi;Vitor Encarnação;Kiraz Erciyas-Yavuz;Khaled Etayeb;Valeri Georgiev;Ayman Hamada;Ohad Hatzofe;Christina Ieronymidou;Tom Langendoen;Tibor Mikuska;Blas Molina;Filipe Moniz;Caroline Moussy;Asmaâ Ouassou;Nicky Petkov;Danae Portolou;Tareq Qaneer;Samir Sayoud;Marko Šćiban;Goran Topić;Danka Uzunova;Gal Vine;Andrej Vizi;Erald Xeka;Marco Zenatello;Elie Gaget;Isabelle Le Viol; 《Conservation biology》2024,38(6):e14288
Sea-level rise (SLR) is expected to cause major changes to coastal wetlands, which are among the world's most vulnerable ecosystems and are critical for nonbreeding waterbirds. Because strategies for adaptation to SLR, such as nature-based solutions and designation of protected areas, can locally reduce the negative effects of coastal flooding under SLR on coastal wetlands, it is crucial to prioritize adaptation efforts, especially for wetlands of international importance for biodiversity. We assessed the exposure of coastal wetlands important for nonbreeding waterbirds to projected SLR along the Mediterranean coasts of 8 countries by modeling future coastal flooding under 7 scenarios of SLR by 2100 (from 44- to 161-cm rise) with a static inundation approach. Exposure to coastal flooding under future SLR was assessed for 938 Mediterranean coastal sites (≤30 km from the coastline) where 145 species of nonbreeding birds were monitored as part of the International Waterbird Census and for which the monitoring area was delineated by a polygon (64.3% of the coastal sites monitored in the Mediterranean region). Thirty-four percent of sites were threatened by future SLR, even under the most optimistic scenarios. Protected study sites and study sites of international importance for waterbirds were, respectively, 1.5 and 2 times more exposed to SLR than the other sites under the most optimistic scenario. Accordingly, we advocate for the development of a prioritization scheme to be applied to these wetlands for the implementation of strategies for adaptation to SLR to anticipate the effects of coastal flooding. Our study provides major guidance for conservation planning under global change in several countries of the Mediterranean region. 相似文献