Behavior of perfluorinated compounds in soils during leaching experiments

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) can be detected worldwide in both, soil and water. In order to study the leaching behavior of this heterogeneous group of compounds in soil, flow-through column experiments have been conducted. Ten perfluoro carboxylates and four perfluoro sulfonates ranging from C4 to C14 in chain length, and contaminated sewage sludge, have been used to spike a standard soil. The aqueous column effluent was analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with direct injection. The observed percolation velocity seems to be strongly correlated with the length of the perfluorinated chain. Other factors that additionally contribute to the leaching behavior are the functional group of the PFC, the organic carbon content of the soil and the presence of other adsorbates. A mass balance calculation showed that perfluorobutanoic acid can adsorb strongly to the soil, when no PFC with longer carbon chain are present. Only about 60% of the added perfluorobutanoic acid could be detected in the percolate water. The missing amount started to elute again when longer chain PFC or stearate were added to the soil. Thus it would appear that larger and more lipophilic molecules can displace shorter PFC from their binding sites in the soil.The results of a monitoring study using 32 surface water samples and 150 groundwater samples confirm that the PFC with the highest concentrations in groundwater are the short chain PFC with less than 7 (fluorinated) carbon atoms. The dominating PFC in surface waters are perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid.     

隧道地层变位的可靠性分析

分析了隧道与围岩设计中的不确定性因素 ,指出由于隧道及岩土参数分布的随机性 ,地层变位具有不确定性。运用ANSYS有限元程序建立隧道地层变位的计算模型 ,进行数值模拟并取得地层变位的原始数据。在此基础上把主要影响因素视为随机输入变量 ,地层变位为随机输出变量 ,采用蒙特卡洛方法模拟出地层位移的统计值 ,进而计算出地层变位的可靠指标与失效概率 ,并通过相关系数矩阵和概率灵敏度图分析了随机输入参数对地层变位的影响 ,为隧道地层变位的可靠性分析提供了一种新的途径。     

基于断裂力学的受压容器安全评定方法

以断裂力学为基础,对在役含缺陷受压容器的评定方法与评定步骤进行了介绍,规范了缺陷简化及等效裂纹尺寸,并进行缺陷的脆断评定。它能对在役压力容器的现在和未来状况进行评估和预测,判断其是否能够继续使用及安全度如何,并能在安全的前提下使压力容器的潜能得到充分发挥,从而在最大程度上减少危害与损失。     

岩体边坡工程中的位移监测及分析

边坡工程的监测取决于监测人员对岩(土)体介质的了解程度和掌握程度,并选择相应的方法和手段。本文通过对江西德兴铜矿大山村选矿厂东部边坡和北部楔形地质结构体稳定状况的监测,阐述了在边坡工程中位移监测的应用及有关分析。