农业面源污染防治研究现状与展望

农业面源污染是影响水环境质量的重要污染源,对水环境的污染贡献率逐年提高,逐渐成为制约农业可持续发展和实现农村现代化的环境瓶颈。文章在广泛调研国内外相关领域研究成果的基础上,综述了农业面源污染防治相关领域的研究进展,主要包括:农业面源污染物流失特性研究、土地利用方式影响研究、农业面源污染控制和治理技术研究、面源污染模型研究、现代电子信息技术的应用以及最佳管理措施(BMPs)的研究与实践等。最后,对农业面源污染控制领域未来重点研究方向进行了展望,并提出了相关建议。     

移动监测法测量厦门春秋季近地面CO2的时空分布

移动监测对研究城市近地面空气污染物时空分布特征具有重要意义.本研究采用野外移动监测车,利用二氧化碳测量仪、粉尘仪及小型气象站,在春秋季共选取14 d,沿厦门不同功能区,在每天不同时间段(09:00~12:00、13:00~16:00、22:00~01:00)进行了CO2与颗粒物(PM)浓度及气象参数的监测,并分析了春秋季不同时段下各功能区近地面CO2空间分布特征以及CO2与颗粒物的相互关系.结果表明:①监测期间,路线从北部的坂头水库背景区经郊区进入市中心最终在城市南部边缘沿海干道结束,CO2浓度的空间分布呈现中间市中心高沿市中心向两边边缘处降低的结构,不同功能区CO2空间分布存在差异,受城市交通,工业,人类活动等排放,地面植物/作物以及气象条件的影响.主要表现为交通繁忙区(仙岳路/厦禾路/嘉禾路,477.33μmol·mol-1±6.11μmol·mol-1)高于商业居民区(杏林/思北,454.95μmol·mol-1±5.45μmol·mol-1)高于自然风景区(文屏/环岛路/演武路,441.01μmol·mol-1±6.24μmol·mol-1)高于耕地(农田,436.79μmol·mol-1±1.87μmol·mol-1)高于山体林地(坂头水库,434.06μmol·mol-1±0.31μmol·mol-1);②监测期间春季平均CO2浓度为452.04μmol·mol-1±20.24μmol·mol-1,最大值出现在2013年4月12日的嘉禾路路段(市内交通繁忙区)为533.10μmol·mol-1,最小值出现在2013年4月10日的坂头水库路段(远离市区,受人为活动影响较小,水库周围有大量植被,可认为监测过程中的背景区域)为413.25μmol·mol-1.秋季平均CO2浓度为451.80μmol·mol-1±21.56μmol·mol-1,其中最大值出现在2012年11月19日的厦禾路路段(市内交通繁忙区)为526.45μmol·mol-1,最小值出现在2012年11月20日的坂头水库路段为415.01μmol·mol-1.这符合Idso等在1998年提出"城市CO2岛"的现象;③不同时间段CO2浓度表现出夜晚时段(22:00~01:00)高于上午时段(09:00~12:00)高于下午时段(13:00~16:00),阴天普遍高于晴天,且不同功能区CO2浓度在夜晚时段(22:00~01:00)和白天时段(09:00~12:00和13:00~16:00)的差异不同,春季的差异范围为-0.66~29.48μmol·mol-1,秋季的差异范围为-4.01~33.69μmol·mol-1;④市区CO2浓度与周围郊区存在差异,市区CO2浓度均高于郊区;⑤移动监测主要受道路车辆排放的影响,CO2浓度与PM2.5呈显著正相关关系(R=0.73,P<0.01).     

Workspace design for crane cabins applying a combined traditional approach and the Taguchi method for design of experiments

Procedures in the development process of crane cabins are arbitrary and subjective. Since approximately 42% of incidents in the construction industry are linked to them, there is a need to collect fresh anthropometric data and provide additional recommendations for design. In this paper, dimensioning of the crane cabin interior space was carried out using a sample of 64 crane operators’ anthropometric measurements, in the Republic of Serbia, by measuring workspace with 10 parameters using nine measured anthropometric data from each crane operator. This paper applies experiments run via full factorial designs using a combined traditional and Taguchi approach. The experiments indicated which design parameters are influenced by which anthropometric measurements and to what degree. The results are expected to be of use for crane cabin designers and should assist them to design a cabin that may lead to less strenuous sitting postures and fatigue for operators, thus improving safety and accident prevention.     

NitroMAC: An instrument for the measurement of HONO and intercomparison with a long-path absorption photometer

NitroMAC (French acronym for continuous atmospheric measurements of nitrogenous compounds) is an instrument which has been developed for the semi-continuous measurement of atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO). This instrument relies on wet chemical sampling and detection using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-visible absorption at 540 nm. Sampling proceeds by dissolution of gaseous HONO in a phosphate buffer solution followed by derivatization with sulfanilamide/N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine. The performance of this instrument was found to be as follows: a detection limit of around 3 ppt with measurement uncertainty of 10% over an analysis time of 10 min. Intercomparison was made between the instrument and a long-path absorption photometer (LOPAP) during two experiments in different environments. First, air was sampled in a smog chamber with concentrations up to 18 ppb of nitrous acid. NitroMAC and LOPAP measurements showed very good agreement. Then, in a second experiment, ambient air with HONO concentrations below 250 ppt was sampled. While NitroMAC showed its capability of measuring HONO in moderate and highly polluted environments, the intercomparison results in ambient air highlighted that corrections must be made for minor interferences when low concentrations are measured.     

Measurements of indoor radon concentrations in the Santiago de Compostela area

Galician soils are among those with the highest (222)Rn exhalation rates in Spain. A year-round study of the indoor (222)Rn concentration in buildings in the Santiago de Compostela area (Galicia, Northwest of Spain) was performed. The study is based on systematic samplings with active charcoal canisters, following a modified EPA 520/5-87-005 protocol. These measurements were complemented by others obtained using etched track dosimeters. Each data set follows a log-normal distribution, with a geometric mean of (253+/-3)Bqm(-3) for charcoal canisters and (285+/-2.5)Bqm(-3) for etched track detectors. After correcting for the different measuring conditions, the mean value of both methods differed by only 2%. A careful analysis of the seasonal dependence of our measurements did not reveal any significant seasonal variations in the (222)Rn concentration. Parallel to these measurements, different meteorological parameters were recorded, which revealed a direct correlation between the indoor radon concentration and the outdoor temperature derivative with respect to time.