基于CI指数的湖北干旱及其变化特征分析

利用湖北省71个气象台站1960～2011年地面观测资料,按照国家标准《气象干旱等级GB/T20481 2006》中的综合气象干旱指数CI对湖北省干旱特点及其气候变化特征进行了分析。结果表明：(1)西北部地区全年有近1/3的时间为干旱日,季节变化差异小,是湖北省易干旱地区;中东部地区年干旱日天数相对较少,但集中在7～10月伏秋季,是湖北典型的季节性干旱地区;(2)湖北省中旱以上干旱过程平均1 a一次;重旱过程平均2~3 a一遇,其中西北部地区2 a一遇;而特重旱过程全省平均6～7 a一遇,其中西北部地区为5 a一遇;70%重旱过程出现在伏秋季;(3)全球气候变化背景下,湖北省一般性干旱年出现频率有明显的增加,而大旱年出现频率变化不大;空间上近20 a西北部地区的大旱年出现频率增加明显;中东部地区大旱年呈减少趋势,而一般性干旱年出现频率呈增加趋势;(4)中东部地区中旱过程出现频率近20 a增多较明显,主要反映在7～10月伏秋季,重旱过程呈减少趋势;而西北部地区重旱过程增加,主要表现在11～2月冬闲季和3～6月春夏季     

A Tale of Two Rivers: Implications of Water Management Practices for Mussel Biodiversity Outcomes During Droughts

Droughts often pose situations where stream water levels are lowest while human demand for water is highest. Here we present results of an observational study documenting changes in freshwater mussel communities in two southern US rivers during a multi-year drought. During a 13-year period water releases into the Kiamichi River from an impoundment were halted during droughts, while minimum releases from an impoundment were maintained in the Little River. The Kiamichi observed nearly twice as many low-flow events known to cause mussel mortality than the Little, and regression tree analyses suggest that this difference was influenced by reduced releases. During this period mussel communities in the Kiamichi declined in species richness and abundance, changes that were not observed in the Little. These results suggest that reduced releases during droughts likely led to mussel declines in one river, while maintaining reservoir releases may have sustained mussel populations in another.     

1556年华县大地震前的大旱灾分析

简述了1556年发生在陕西华县大地震概况和大震前小震活动异常平静的事实,分析讨论了大震前的大旱灾及其物理机制,强调指出重视研究大震前的大旱问题,对当前的防震减灾工作具有重要的现实意义。     

关于干旱指标的研究

本文分析了至今还没有一个可被普遍接受的干旱定义的原因,指出其统一定义的难度与复杂性。还说明了制定干旱指标应该考虑的几个原则,并列举了目前常见的三类十七种干旱指标,比较和评价了它们的优劣.     

Household use of and satisfaction with alternative water sources in Victoria Australia

Climate change is increasing the variability of rainfall, and thus the availability of water supplies in many areas of the world. These impacts are already being felt in the state of Victoria, Australia where a 12 year drought period was recently experienced. Restrictions to water use have been implemented, as one component of a broad policy approach to manage the drought. While anecdotal evidence suggests that the substitution of centralised water supplies is occurring, this has not been proven empirically. This paper reports results from a survey of households in Victoria regarding their use of alternative water sources. The study found that substitution is occurring. Garden watering is the purpose which has the highest rate of alternative water source use. In total 41.6% of respondents always, and 33.2% sometimes use an alternative water source for garden watering. The most commonly used alternative source of water for garden watering is water previously used in the laundry (30.7%). The alternative source of water used was found to vary depending on the purpose of the water use. High levels of satisfaction were found for all alternative water sources used. Several barriers were found to the use of alternative water sources, the main of which were: inflexibility of existing infrastructure, cost, policy, and housing status. The results have implications for water retailers, policy makers and governments in locations facing water shortage.     

Past climate, future perspective: an exploratory analysis using climate proxies and drought risk assessment to inform water resources management and policy in Maine, USA

In recent decades, significant progress has been made toward reconstructing the past climate record based on environmental proxies, such as tree rings and ice core records. However, limited examples of research that utilizes such data for water resources decision-making and policy exist. Here, we use the reconstructed record of Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI), dating back to 1138AD to understand the nature of drought occurrence (severity and duration) in the state of Maine. This work is motivated by the need to augment the scientific basis to support the water resources management and the emerging water allocation framework in Maine (Maine Department of Environmental Protection, Chapter 587). Through a joint analysis of the reconstructed PDSI and historical streamflow record for twelve streams in the state of Maine, we find that: (a) the uncertainties around the current definition of natural drought in the Chapter 587 (based on the 20th century instrumental record) can be better understood within the context of the nature and severity of past droughts in this region, and (b) a drought index provides limited information regarding at-site hydrologic variations. To fill this knowledge gap, a drought index-based risk assessment methodology for streams across the state is developed. Based on these results, the opportunities for learning and challenges facing water policies in a changing hydroclimate are discussed.     

黑龙江省近40年洪涝旱灾害及未来减灾对策

洪涝旱灾害是黑龙江省的主要自然灾害。本文提出了黑龙江省洪涝旱灾害指标;分析了1949～1990年洪涝旱灾害的时空分布特性;提出理论损失新概念,较系统地估算洪涝旱灾害造成的实际损失和理论损失;探讨防灾减灾对策。     

物候因子干旱灾害长期预报

用植物物候现象作为气候预报因子,与长期预报对象建立相关模式,反映气候因子的综合性,具有较好的物理意义。本文主要用茶树、橡胶树的第一个物候现象为预报因子,采取统计分级相关的方法,预报秋季干旱趋势。     

Drought in Bangladesh: Lessons for planners and administrators

The 1978–1979 drought in Bangladesh affected three crop seasons, reducing rice production by an estimated two million tons. Rainfall deficiency varied regionally and locally, and drought effects varied with soils, crops and management. Farmers used new practices such as irrigation of crops normally grown rainfed, cultivation of famine millets, and – when rain eventually fell – transplanting crops that normally are direct seeded (including replanting to fill gaps in drought-affected fields). Crop rotations also were adjusted to compensate for crop losses or late planting and to take advantage of reduced flood-levels or changed market prices. The various and location-specific responses by farmers provide useful lessons for planners and administrators in a disaster-prone country: production plans and programmes must be flexible; relevant environmental factors, crop areas sown and crop condition must be closely monitored and the implications promptly assessed; and the farmers' repertoire of disaster-mitigating practices should be recorded so as to provide a basis for more pragmatic research, extension and development programmes. A method for monitoring and assessing rainfall is described.     

Community Capacity for Adaptation to Climate-Induced Water Shortages: Linking Institutional Complexity and Local Actors

There is growing concern for the capacity of urban and rural communities to manage current water shortages and to prepare for shortages that may accompany predicted changes in climate. In this paper, concepts relating to the notion of climate adaptation and particularly capacity building are used to elucidate several determinants of community-level capacity for water management. These concepts and criteria are then used to interpret empirically derived insights relating to local management of water shortages in Ontario, Canada. General determinants of water-related community capacity relate to upper tier political and institutional arrangements; the characteristics of, and relationships among, pertinent agencies, groups, or individuals involved in water management; and the adequacy of financial, human, information, and technical resources. The case analysis illustrates how general factors play out in local experience. The findings point to geographically specific factors that influence the effectiveness of management. Key factors include collaboration between water managers, clarification of agency roles and responsibilities, integration of water management and land-use planning, and recognition and participation of both urban and rural stakeholders, whose sensitivities to water shortages are spatially and temporally variable.