Interception of dry and wet deposited radionuclides by vegetation

Interception of dry and wet deposited radionuclides by vegetation is a key process in radioecological models that assess ingestion doses to the population following releases of radionuclides to the atmosphere. Radionuclides may be deposited during precipitation or as dry particles. Interception of wet deposited radionuclides is the result of a complex interaction of the vegetative development of the plant canopy, the amount of rainfall, and the chemical form of radionuclides. For the interception of dry deposits, particle size is a key parameter; interception is more effective for small particles and reactive gases. Due to the dependence on plant development, interception of both dry and wet deposits is subject to pronounced seasonality.     

Modification of a soil–vegetation nonlinear interaction model with acid deposition for simplified experimental applicability

In this work we modified a theoretical model of acid deposition in the soil–vegetation interaction to be experimentally applicable. We simplified the expression of the mathematical model of dynamical complex systems by setting parameters into more simple groups, giving an easy-of-validate expression. By the theoretical model it was proposed the nonlinear response of vegetation to acid deposition, which can explain the occurrence of serious and unexpected damages to plantations and forests focused on the catastrophic nature of the effects of aluminum mobility on the vegetation.     

典型冰川退缩区铅的来源、累积及历史沉降——以青藏高原海螺沟冰川退缩区为例

为探究青藏高原东部陆地生态系统中铅的来源、累积分配过程及百年来大气铅的沉降状况，以贡嘎山海螺沟冰川退缩区为对象，利用冰川退缩区样地年龄可确定的优势，对160年来完整的植被演替序列进行了系统研究.采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP-MS）测定了土壤和植物样品中的铅以及其他微量元素的含量，明确了铅在该地区生态系统中的含量和储量变化格局，并采用主成分分析（PCA）解析了土壤铅的潜在来源，评估了历史沉降铅的累积速率.结果表明，森林有机土壤是大气铅的重要汇集区域.大气沉降的铅主要累积于O层中，而C层土壤铅含量相对较低；植物地上部以树枝和树皮铅含量最高，树干铅含量最低.植被序列中不同树种的铅储量变化趋势和植被演替趋势成正相关.在植被生长期，铅储量因生物量增加而不断升高，而随着演替过程中植被的死亡而降低.整个演替系统铅的储量随冰川退缩时间显著增加，至1936年样地的云冷杉顶极群落达到最大值.PCA源解析表明有机土壤中57%左右的铅来自于人为来源铅的大气沉降过程，即外源污染的大气沉降是贡嘎山中铅的主要来源.进一步分析表明，中国西南地区和南亚地区（印度、孟加拉国等）是主要的污染潜在源区.在百年尺度上，大气来源沉降铅在冰川退缩区的平均累积速率为（8.87±3.55） mg/（m²·a）.此研究为探究铅在陆地生态系统中的来源、分配及累积，理解未来全球变化对铅的环境地球化学过程影响提供了经典范例与数据依据.     

葫芦岛市有色冶金-化工区土壤与植物汞污染

通过对有色冶金-化工区土壤汞、植物汞空间特征的分析,确定不同源对土壤、植物的影响。土壤表层汞含量以锌冶炼厂和氯碱厂及其附近为中心,向外围辐散降低,呈双中心分布,其含量为0.055～14.575mg·kg-1,平均值为1.435mg·kg-1;植物叶汞含量为柳树(Salix)>榆树(Ulmus)>槐树(Sophora)>丁香(Cytisus)>杨树(Populus)>松树(Pinus)>柏树(Cyparissus),其汞含量为0.029～2.700mg·kg-1,平均为0.182mg·kg-1。植物汞的空间分布特征是以锌冶炼厂及其附近为中心,表明大气沉降作用对植物汞的含量有显著的影响,锌冶炼厂是植物汞含量的主要来源,有色冶金-化工区是我国汞污染最重的地区之一,其生态风险应引起重视。     

An analytical solution for two-dimensional contaminant transport during groundwater extraction

We obtain an analytical solution for two-dimensional steady-state transport of conservative contaminant between injecting and pumping wells. Flow and transport are considered in the vertical cross-section. The Dupuit approximation and conformal mapping onto the complex potential domain are employed to determine the velocity and concentration distributions, respectively. We use this solution to derive a priori conditions under which widely used 1-D analytical solutions with constant velocity and dispersion coefficients provide accurate approximations. These conditions are formulated in terms of aquifer parameters, such as hydraulic conductivity, porosity and dispersivities, and remediation strategy, e.g., well spacing and pumping regimes.     

波速资料管理工作初探

分析了波速资料管理现状和所存在问题的原因及所造成的影响，提出了具体的波速资料管理办法。     

机器的自由源速度的测量

对于弹性安装的机器来说，其自由源速度的测量十分重要，可作为结构声源“强度”来看待。在此对一个排气风扇４个支撑点的６个自由度（３个平动和３个转动）的自由源速度进行了测量，并对测量结果进行了分析和比较。     

A Comparison of the Short-Term Dynamics of Soil “Damage” Due to Enhanced Nitrogen Deposition As Ammonium Sulphate Or Nitric Acid

An experiment has been conducted to contrast the effects of enhanced oxidised and reduced nitrogen deposition upon key chemical parameters in a Calluna moorland podzol. A 40 cm deep podzol profile, derived from granite, was reconstructed in one hundred 4.2 cm diameter cores. for 20 weeks, the cores were subjected twice weekly to simulated rainfall containing either twice ambient nitrogen deposition in Aberdeen, or further enhanced nitrogen (further 2- and 6-fold increases) as nitric acid or ammonium sulphate. to quantify the dynamics of soil change in each horizon, randomly selected cores were destructively analysed every two weeks and the soils analysed. Increased nitrogen inputs, regardless of form, substantially and immediately reduced surface soil pH_water via the mobile anion or salt effect. for the higher nitrogen treatments, the pH reduction was seen throughout the profile. Longer term soil acidification was also seen in the pH_{calcium chloride} results over the 20 weeks. at a given nitrogen deposition rate, the effects of ammonium sulphate and nitric acid on soil pH_{calcium chloride} were similar. the ammonium sulphate treatments were especially effective at reducing base saturation throughout much of the profile, the direct base cation leaching being associated with substantial ammonium accumulation. the results suggest that the direct base cation leaching caused by ammonium deposition needs to be considered when assessing atmospheric pollution “damage” to heathland soils.     

A simple empirical model to predict forest insecticide ground-level deposition from a compendium of field data

Deposit data from 205 aerial forest insecticide applications conducted in field trials by the Canadian Forest Service, Great Lakes Forestry Centre over a 15-year period are summarized. Deposit measurements were taken under “worst case” scenarios in the sense that direct applications were made over water bodies, and ground samplers were intentionally placed in open or cleared areas of forest. The median % deposit on shoreline collectors (32 separate applications) was 5.7%, on mid-stream collectors (44 separate applications) was 6.2%, and on forest floor collectors (129 separate applications) was 4.9%. Forest floor deposit was most closely associated with application rate and droplet size (r = 0.624, p < 0.001 and r = 0.662, p = 0.011, respectively) but these variables combined only explained 44% of the variation in deposit. Data from all three collector types were grouped by 10% deposit increments and combined to provide a data set from all deposition scenarios. A negative exponential model was fitted to the proportion of these combined sites regressed on % deposit in 10% increments and plotted as a deposit probability distribution curve (p < 0.001, r² = 0.992). The probability distribution curve indicated that 5–10% deposit would be expected about 57–91% of the time, whereas 50% deposit or greater would be expected about 2% of the time or less. In a probabilistic risk assessment for aerially applied insecticides in a conifer-dominated forest environment, the probability distribution curve based on empirical data presented here can be used to refine the characterization of exposure scenarios from which effects estimates can be derived.     

Does nitrogen deposition increase forest production? The role of phosphorus

Effects of elevated N deposition on forest aboveground biomass were evaluated using long-term data from N addition experiments and from forest observation plots in Switzerland. N addition experiments with saplings were established both on calcareous and on acidic soils, in 3 plots with Fagus sylvatica and in 4 plots with Picea abies. The treatments were conducted during 15 years and consisted of additions of dry NH₄NO₃ at rates of 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The same tree species were observed in permanent forest observation plots covering the time span between 1984 and 2007, at modeled N deposition rates of 12-46 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Experimental N addition resulted in either no change or in a decreased shoot growth and in a reduced phosphorus concentration in the foliage in all experimental plots. In the forest, a decrease of foliar P concentration was observed between 1984 and 2007, resulting in insufficient concentrations in 71% and 67% of the Fagus and Picea plots, respectively, and in an increasing N:P ratio in Fagus. Stem increment decreased during the observation period even if corrected for age. Forest observations suggest an increasing P limitation in Swiss forests especially in Fagus which is accompanied by a growth decrease whereas the N addition experiments support the hypothesis that elevated N deposition is an important cause for this development.