互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地CH4排放的影响

为了探讨互花米草入侵对长江河口湿地CH₄排放的影响以及入侵至不同潮位对CH₄排放影响程度的差异及其可能机制,采用邻近互花米草与土著植物群落相配对的试验设计,在长江口东滩湿地的高潮滩和低潮滩各设置1条样线.结果表明,与土著植物相比,互花米草入侵显著增加了长江河口湿地的植物生物量,显著增加了土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量、总氮含量、微生物碳和氮含量.高潮滩互花米草群落年均CH₄排放强度为（0.68±0.08）mg/（m²·h）,显著高于芦苇群落（0.21±0.01）mg/（m²·h）,低潮滩互花米草和海三棱藨草群落年均CH₄排放速率分别为（8.31±0.50）和（3.93±0.18）mg/（m²·h）,前者显著高于后者.此外,高潮滩互花米草与芦苇群落之间年均CH₄排放强度的差异为（0.47±0.08）mg/（m²·h）,显著低于低潮滩互花米草与海三棱藨草群落之间年均CH₄排放强度的差异（4.37±0.48）mg/（m²·h）.上述结果表明,互花米草入侵通过改善CH₄产生所需底物的质和量,增加土壤含水量和微生物的量,从而显著增加了长江河口湿地CH₄排放量.互花米草入侵至低潮滩增加的CH₄排放量是互花米草入侵至高潮滩的10倍左右,表明互花米草入侵至长江河口湿地对CH₄排放的影响程度可能会有很强的空间异质性,互花米草入侵至更厌氧的土壤环境可能会对CH₄排放的影响程度更大.本研究可为准确估算互花米草入侵对中国海岸带湿地CH₄排放的影响程度,科学管理和合理利用海岸带湿地资源以及应对全球气候变化提供理论依据和科技支撑.     

中国城乡居民生活消费碳排放变化的比较研究

基于碳排放系数法估算了1997~2015年中国城镇、农村和整体（包含城镇和农村）居民生活消费引起的直接碳排放量,进一步采用Dagum基尼系数和Kernel密度函数估计方法对中国城镇和农村居民生活消费碳排放的地区差距及分布动态进行实证研究.同时,采用乘积式对数平均迪式指数模型（M-LMDI）分析了直接能源消费强度、居民人均消费水平和单位能源碳排放强度3大因素对居民消费碳排放变化的影响,并重点考察了各省份相关变量对生活消费碳排放影响的城乡差异.结果表明：（1）中国城镇和农村居民人均生活消费碳排放量在研究期内呈现逐年递增的趋势,在空间上均存在显著非均衡特征.（2）中国居民人均生活消费碳排放的地区总差异呈现波动下降的趋势,从1997年的0.379下降到2015年的0.244.1997~1999年城镇和农村居民生活消费碳排放的组间差距是城乡差距的主要来源,其贡献率超过50%.2000年后组内差距成为城乡差距的主要来源,其贡献率均大于40%并超过了组间差距.（3）城镇和农村居民人均生活消费碳排放均在增加,地区差异均在扩大.（4）对全国居民生活消费碳排放变动贡献最大的省区是内蒙古,累计贡献值达0.1005.贡献最小的省区是云南,累计贡献值为0.0125.（5）农村的能源消费强度和人均消费水平的贡献程度在研究期内均大于城镇,单位能源碳排放强度在两个地区的贡献水平表现出了波动性.     

基于MIDAS模型中国碳排放量的实时预报与短期预测

随着全球气候变暖问题不断加重,二氧化碳排放量预测成为各国制定碳减排措施的核心问题.传统的二氧化碳排放量预测模型是基于同频数据进行的,高频数据必需处理为低频数据,这样不仅忽略了高频数据携带的有效信息,还影响了模型预测的及时性,降低了模型预测的精度.本文将混频数据抽样模型(MIDAS)用于碳排放量预测研究,分析了高频季度GDP滞后阶数变化效应及其对低频二氧化碳排放量的影响效应.研究结果表明,季度GDP对碳排放量具有正负两种效应,该效应会持续6个季度且以正效应为主,碳排放量自身之间也存在着相互影响,该影响会持续4年之久,这与中国的经济运行状况相吻合,说明混频数据抽样模型(MIDAS)对二氧化碳排放量预测的合理性.此外,混频数据抽样模型(MIDAS)在中国二氧化碳排放量的短期预测方面具有较高的预测精度,在实时预报方面具有显著的可行性和时效性.     

Measurement of minimum ignition energies (MIEs) of dust clouds – History,present, future

Nearly 130 years ago Holtzwart and von Meyer (1891) demonstrated by experiments that explosible dust clouds could be ignited by inductive electric sparks. Then more than half a century passed before the publication of the important quantitative research of Boyle and Llewellyn (1950) and Line et al. (1959). They worked with capacitive electric sparks and found that the minimum capacitor energies ½CU² required for ignition of various dust clouds in air decreased substantially when a large series resistance, in the range 10⁴–10⁷ Ω, was introduced in the discharge circuit. When considering that the net energies of the sparks themselves were only of the order of 10% of the ½CU² discharged, the minimum net spark energies required for ignition with a large series resistance were only a few per cent of the net energies required without such a resistance.Line et al. observed that the essential effect of increasing the series resistance, and hence increasing the discharge time of the sparks, was to reduce the disturbance of the dust cloud by the blast wave from the spark. This phenomenon was explored further by Eckhoff (1970, 2017), and subsequently by some simple experiments by Eckhoff and Enstad (1976). Franke (1974, 1977) and Laar (1980) confirmed the additional finding of Line et al. (1959) that the minimum ½CU² for ignition is also substantially reduced by including a series inductance in the discharge circuit, rather than a series resistance. The basic reason is the same as with a large series resistance, viz. increased spark discharge time and hence decreased disturbance of the dust cloud by blast wave from the spark. For this reason inclusion of an appreciable series inductance in the spark discharge circuit is an essential element in current standard MIE test methods.In experiments with spark ignition of transient dust clouds produced by a blast of air in a closed vessel, it is necessary to synchronize the occurrence of the spark with the formation of the dust cloud. The precision required from this type of synchronization is typically of the order of 10 ms, which can be obtained even by mechanical arrangements, such as rapid change of spark gap length, or of the distance between two capacitor plates. The present paper reviews some methods that have been/are being used for achieving adequate synchronization of dust cloud appearance and spark discharge. Some current standard experimental methods for determining MIEs of dust clouds experimentally have also been reviewed. The same applies to some theories of electric-spark ignition of dust clouds.At the end of paper some suggestions for possible future modifications of current standard methods for measuring MIEs of explosible dust clouds are presented. With regard to justifying significant modifications of existing standard methods, the “bottom line” is, as quite often in many connections, that any modifications should be based on realistic cost/benefit evaluations.     

中国垃圾填埋场2012年甲烷排放特征研究

垃圾填埋场是全球重要的CH_4排放源。基于中国1955个垃圾填埋场基础数据和排放因子数据库,核算了中国2012年垃圾填埋场CH_4排放水平,同时分区域和分规模推荐了基于已填容量的计算模型。2012年中国垃圾填埋场的CH_4排放量为148.12万t,广东排放量最高,西藏排放量最低。华东地区的垃圾填埋场CH_4排放在7个区域中占全国排放比例最高,达到33.00%,西北地区排放占比最低,为8.76%;大型填埋场(I类)CH_4排放占总排放比例达45.88%。中国垃圾填埋场CH_4排放在空间分布上具有较强的集聚性,北京-天津,上海-绍兴-宁波,广州-东莞-深圳-清远构成了中国垃圾填埋场CH_4排放的三大核心区域。垃圾填埋场单位已填容量的CH_4排放水平在0.86~1.83 kg/m~3。     

基于Petri网与OPMSE的屠宰行业排放限值仿真

通过文献查询及现场调研,对清河流域屠宰行业产生污水的各指标浓度(BOD5、COD、NH3-N)进行统计,得出排放污水中各污染物指标的浓度值范围。通过OPMSE的仿真计算,得出排放污水经过BAT处理后,污染物浓度正态分布均值在90%、95%、99%置信水平下的置信区间。在置信水平为99%时,屠宰行业的COD置信区间为(43.31,52.86),BOD5置信区间为(20.83,23.78),NH3-N置信区间为(6.83,8.13)。同时,依据仿真计算结果还得出,处理后污染物浓度的极小值和极大值,屠宰行业的最佳出水各指标浓度为ρ(COD)为17.34 mg/L,ρ(BOD5)为14.18 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为3.09 mg/L,最差出水各指标浓度为ρ(COD)为97.32 mg/L,ρ(BOD5)为39.66 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为13.29 mg/L。将仿真结果与现有排放标准对比,拟定屠宰行业的污染物直接排放限值为ρ(COD)为60 mg/L,ρ(BOD5)为25 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为10 mg/L。     

Explosibility,flammability and the thermal decomposition of Bisphenol A,the main component of epoxy resin

Bisphenol A is one of the basic compounds used in a synthesis of polycarbonates and epoxy resins. Its dust can create an explosive mixture with air under specific circumstances. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to determine explosion characteristics and flammability behaviour of this compound. The complete flammability characteristic requires the determination of the basic parameters of Bisphenol A under fire conditions including Heat Release Rate, speed of combustion, ability to ignite and the temperature of the decomposition range. To establish those parameters, a cone calorimeter was used. The explosion characteristics were tested in a 20-L spherical vessel. Minimum Ignition Energy was tested on MINOR II Apparatus which is a modified Hartman's Tube. In order to identify hazardous substances generated during a fire involving Bisphenol A, a simultaneous thermal analysis that combines thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry was used. The substances obtained from the thermal degradation were analyzed by infrared spectroscope with Fourier transformation. Furthermore, the application of a Purser furnace and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry facilitated the identification of gaseous substances formed during the thermal degradation of Bisphenol A samples.     

规模化畜禽养殖业零排放模式探究

针对中国畜禽养殖业污染日益严重的现状,在分析现阶段中国规模化畜禽养殖业污染治理现状的基础上,提出运用循环经济的理论,因地制宜的采取污染物减排措施.分别从废水、粪便资源化利用以及病死猪的无害化处理三个角度分析了规模化畜禽养殖业的零排放模式,加快推进了生态环境治理体系和治理能力的现代化,从而实现资源整合,提高畜禽养殖废弃物处理设备的利用效率,将污染物变成可再生的资源,为规模化畜禽养殖业污染物处理实现零排放及循环利用提供参考.     

Experimental investigation of the complex deflagration phenomena of hybrid mixtures of activated carbon dust/hydrogen/air

This paper aims to develop quantitative insights based on measured deflagration parameters of hybrid mixtures of activated carbon (AC) dust and hydrogen (H₂) gas in air. The generated experimental evidence is used to reject the claim of the null hypothesis (H₀) that severity of deflagrations of H₂/air mixtures always bound the severity of deflagrations of heterogenous combustible mixtures of AC dust/H₂/air containing the same H₂ concentrations as in the H₂/air binaries. The core insights of this investigation show that the maximum deflagration pressure rise (ΔP_MAX) and maximum rate of pressure rise ((dP/dt)_MAX) of this hybrid mixture are greater than those corresponding to deflagrations of H₂/air mixtures for all the dust and H₂ concentrations being examined. The deflagration severity indices (K_St and ES) of the hybrid mixture containing 29 mol% H₂ are found to be greater than those of the H₂/air mixture containing 29 mol% H₂. Also, the minimum explosible concentration (MEC) of the hybrid mixture is lower than that of the AC dust in air only. The insights gained should lead to better realization of the severity of a postulated safety-significant accident scenario associated with on-board cryoadsorption H₂ storage systems for fuel-cell (FC) powered light-duty vehicles. The identified insights could also be relevant to other industrial processes where combustible dusts are generated in the vicinity of solvent vapors. Moreover, these insights should be useful for supporting quantitative risk assessment (QRA) of on-board H₂ storage systems, designing improved safety measures for cryoadsorption H₂ storage tanks, and guiding H₂ safety standards and transportation regulations.     

Sustainable development frontiers and divides: Transnational actors and US/China greenhouse gas emissions

Perpetuation of the South-North divide over climate change threatens to undermine the sustainability of the planet's vulnerable ecosystems. The current focus of international attention is on the USA and the PRC since both countries are in a position to negate or clinch the global warming mitigation efforts of the rest of the world community and because the two governments are primarily responsible for the entrenched global impasse over greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement. This contribution illustrates how transnational non-state actors, specifically Chinese American transmigrants, can make a difference in surmounting the US-China divide over GHG emissions, even in a time of state stalemate. Specific opportunities to shape sustainable development outcomes are explored by reference to energy efficiency, renewable energy, transportation, GHG capture, and public education projects. The discussion shows that, by teaming up with the NGOs, universities, foundations and firms engaged in or contemplating involvement in GHG emission mitigation projects in China, Chinese Americans from many walks of life who can manoeuvre skilfully along the climate change frontier occupy a potentially decisive position in terms of supporting sustainable development.