江苏省13城市1996～2008年碳排放时空变异分析

运用秩相关系数、变差系数、曲线拟合等方法,以市域为基本单元,以人均碳排放量、碳排放强度、脱钩指数等为指标,对江苏省1996～2008年的碳排放时空变异特征进行分析,研究得出：(1)近13 a来,江苏省碳排放量不断增加,年均增长率高达13%,2008年已达20 000万t;经济较发达城市人均碳排放量较大,但碳排放强度相对不大;经济落后城市人均碳排放量小,但碳排放强度增加较快。(2)江苏省13城市人均碳排放、碳排放强度差异在不断缩小。(3)从人均碳排放看,江苏省及各市人均碳排放都随人均GDP呈线性增加关系,而南京、苏州、扬州、徐州作为各个区域发展较好的中心城市,人均碳排放随人均GDP增加最快。(4)从碳排放强度看,江苏省碳排放强度与人均GDP呈倒U型曲线关系,其拐点在人均GDP 25万元左右;但是各个城市碳排放强度与人均GDP呈波浪型曲线关系。(5)从脱钩指数看,脱钩水平受经济政策、产业结构、清洁技术水平的影响较大     

基于隐含碳排放的碳减排目标研究

中国政府以2005年为基年提出了碳减排指标,确定各省碳减排基数对于明确各省碳减排责任具有重要意义.本文结合“十一五”期间节能指标分解过程中存在的问题,分析了省际贸易中隐含的碳排放对于确定各省碳减排基数的影响,并分别基于生产者负责原则和消费者负责原则计算了“十二五”期间各省碳减排基数.计算结果表明:①将工业部门拆分为23个部门能够更加充分反映省际贸易结构差异对于隐含碳排放计算的影响;②省际贸易中隐含碳排放不仅在各省间有较大差异而且呈现出从中西部地区调往东部地区的整体转移方向;③不同原则下各省碳减排基数计算结果存在较大差异,消费者负责原则更加真实地反映了各地区实际减排责任,避免了部分省份通过省际调进代替本省生产的方式实现碳减排目标.     

PCDD/Fs atmospheric deposition fluxes and soil contamination close to a municipal solid waste incinerator

Bulk depositions and surface soil were collected in a suburban area, near the Adriatic Sea, in order to assess the contribution of a municipal solid waste incinerator to the area’s total contamination with polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDDs and PCDFs). Samples were collected at two sites, situated in the area most affected by plant emissions (according to the results of the Calpuff air dispersion model), and at an external site, considered as a reference. Results show that the studied area is subject to low contamination, as far as these compounds are concerned. Deposition fluxes range from 14.3 pg m⁻² d⁻¹ to 89.9 pg m⁻² d⁻¹ (0.75 pg-TEQ m⁻² d⁻¹ to 3.73 pg-TEQ m⁻² d⁻¹) and no significant flow differences are observed among the three monitored sites. Total soil concentration amounts to 93.8 ng kg⁻¹ d.w. and 1.35 ng-TEQ kg⁻¹ d.w, on average, and confirms a strong homogeneity in the studied area. Furthermore, from 2006 to 2009, no PCDD/Fs enrichment in the soil was noticed. Comparing the relative congener distributions in environmental samples with those found in stack emissions from the incineration plant, significant differences are observed in the PCDD:PCDF ratio and in the contribution of the most chlorinated congeners. From this study we can conclude that the incineration plant is not the main source of PCDD/Fs in the studied area, which is apparently characterized by a homogeneous and widespread contamination situation, typical of an urban area.     

F-T合成技术生产替代燃料对环境的影响及对策

主要介绍了F-T合成柴油的特性,阐述了其作为清洁能源的优越性;利用生命周期清单分析方法,比较了以煤、生物质及天然气为原料采用F-T合成技术生产替代能源的工艺路线前提下,在提取生产、转化精炼、运输分配、最终用途燃烧、全部燃料链各阶段温室气体排放情况,提出了温室气体的减排对策。     

Determination of zinc speciation in basic oxygen furnace flying dust by chemical extractions and X-ray spectroscopy

There is a growing concern regarding the environmental and public health risks associated with airborne particulate matter (PM). The basic oxygen furnace is one of the most important atmospheric dust sources of the steel manufacturing process. It emits dust enriched in heavy metal such as Zn, which is assumed to contribute to the toxic potential of atmospheric PM. Dust collected before and after the filtration system was analyzed to determine Zn speciation. To this end, a variety of analytical tools were used and a sequential extraction protocol has been specifically developed for iron and steel dust. The Zn speciation results obtained by EXAFS and sequential extraction were in excellent agreement. Before filtration, the speciation of Zn in BOF was 43% ZnFe₂O₄, 23% ZnCO₃ and 16% ZnO. The same species were detected after filtration with different proportions. BOF dust after filtration contains more soluble Zn phases which may play a role in the toxic effects of the emissions.     

中国省域差异化碳达峰评价方法与应用

推动有条件的地区率先行动是“全国一盘棋”实现双碳目标的必然选项.考虑到中国各省的差异性,研究基于碳排放空间分配测算各省达峰压力,进而从达峰压力、减排现状、经济发展、政策支持和资源禀赋这5个维度构建省域碳达峰能力评价体系,采用熵值法确定指标权重,对中国除香港、澳门、台湾和西藏以外的30个省级行政区进行碳达峰能力综合评价,基于评价结果将各省划分为5个梯队.结果表明：①海南和北京等18地的碳排放空间呈现盈余,河北和山东等8地碳排放空间呈现赤字,另有浙江、安徽、河南和湖北这4地分配所得的碳排放空间与各自实际排放量相当;②发达地区碳达峰能力普遍高于欠发达地区,其中北京和上海等地碳达峰能力尤为突出,江西和贵州等地碳达峰能力提升空间较大.最后,针对不同达峰梯队的省份,因地制宜地提出差异化达峰目标和行动建议.     

1990~2020年阿克苏河流域土地利用碳排放时空轨迹与影响因素

土地利用变化会导致不同类型碳源和碳汇功能变化,是碳排放的关键来源.从土地利用变化的角度开展阿克苏河流域碳排放及其影响因素研究,对于促进流域山水林田湖草沙冰一体化保护修复、助力碳达峰与碳中和目标实现具有重要意义.基于1990~2020年的4期土地利用数据与同期社会经济数据,测算土地利用碳排放总量,探究土地利用碳排放时空轨迹及其影响因素.结果表明:①1990~2020年,耕地、林地、建设用地和未利用地整体呈增加趋势,草地和水域呈减少态势.土地利用类型空间变化特征主要表现为草地、未利用地转换为耕地;②1990~2020年流域净碳总排放量呈现持续上升趋势,累计增加了14.78×10⁴ t,耕地面积增加是引起流域净碳排放量增长的关键因素;③流域土地利用碳排放量空间上呈中间高四周低的分布格局,净碳排放量显著变化区域主要分布在温宿县南部、阿克苏市、阿瓦提县及阿拉尔市;④人类活动对土地利用碳排放驱动作用最强且其影响由东部向西部逐渐增大,年均气温对土地利用碳排放影响贡献主要集中在阿克苏市东部和阿瓦提县北部,年均降雨量对温宿县北部和阿合奇县西部的抑制作用较强.     

对控制中小城市烟尘污染的思考

由于部门间管理协调不到位,未能完全按照审批程序新上炉灶,致使未经审批的小炉灶出现在一些中小城市的角落。小炉灶管理和治理难度大,其中环保执法不严是造成中小城市烟尘污染的原因之一。在深入分析中小城市烟尘污染现状的基础上,提出了相应的整改措施和建议。     

Combustion performance and emission characteristics on HCCI engine of waste plastic pyrolysis oil biodiesel blends with external PFI and vaporiser

ABSTRACT

Analysis of plastic oil obtained from waste plastic through pyrolysis process, as an alternative to biodiesel is presented in this paper. The HCCI engine is considered for experimental validation of combustion performance and emission characteristics. To accumulate pyrolysis oil as fuel, the design modifications were made in external mixture formation on the existing computerised 4-stroke, single cylinder, water cooled, direct injection kirloskar diesel engine connected with eddy current dynamometer to satisfy HCCI conditions. HCCI engine can be worked on wide assortment of fuels beginning from diesel to different blends (WPPO 5%,10%,15% and 20% by volume) of biodiesel .The designed additional device connected to the engine is utilised for fuel vaporisation and mixture arrangement. In the experimental study, the combustion results were initiate to be of 39.69 % higher Rate of Heat Release (RoHR) for biodiesel HCCI as compared with diesel HCCI. Higher brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was found 37 % without exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) at WPPO 20 % biodiesel blend. And also found 50 % and 65 % reduction in NOx emission and 18 % and 28 % reduction in smoke opacity are obtained for biodiesel vapour induction without EGR and biodiesel vapour induction with 15 % EGR as compared with diesel fuel. The CO (0.34 %), and UHC (2.15 %) emissions are increases with 15 % EGR, but the emissions are within the standard limits specified by the emissions standards.