环境污染的经济分析及对策

本文对造成环境污染的经济学原因进行了分析 ,指出单纯依靠政府干预或单纯依靠市场都难以达到有效率地控制污染 ,只有通过政府干预 ,明确环境资源产权 ,才能利用市场机制优化环境资源配置     

Recursive residuals and model diagnostics for normal and non-normal state space models

Model diagnostics for normal and non-normal state space models are based on recursive residuals which are defined from the one-step ahead predictive distribution. Routine calculation of these residuals is discussed in detail. Various diagnostic tools are suggested to check, for example, for wrong observation distributions and for autocorrelation. The paper also discusses such topics as model diagnostics for discrete time series and model discrimination via Bayes factors. The case studies cover environmental applications such as analysing a time series of the number of daily rainfall occurrences and a time series of daily sulfur dioxide emissions.     

排污权交易市场中政府角色研究

排污权交易的实质是利用市场机制来控制环境污染,这一市场行为正常运转的前提是明确政府部门在排污权交易市场中的职能和角色。本文从区域政府部门在排污权交易市场中需要发挥的重要作用,包括组织、监督、管理、协调等方面进行探讨,以对其职能和角色进行研究并得出结论,即现代政府在排污权交易中的角色定位应为管理者、协助者和引导者。     

废纸造纸废水处理技术

近年来,废纸造纸行业发展迅速,为了使其产生的废水达标排放,应采用合理的处理技术。通过对废纸造纸废水污染特性、目前比较成熟的处理技术及零排放清洁生产工艺的研究,对废纸造纸处理技术的进一步发展提出了建议。目前,很多处理技术已成功研发并投入使用,取得了不错的处理效果,同时在应用范围、能源消耗、技术可操作性、投资运行费用等方面存在一定的局限性。建议在废水处理新技术开发和零排放清洁生产工艺的研究,废水处理设备、使用药剂的优化等方面加大工作力度。     

板纸造纸废水推广“零排放”初探

板纸造纸废水“零排放”技术是在水资源大量消耗、环境污染日益严重的情况下出现的,这一技术体现了清洁生产的思想。文章中就国际和国内的造纸废水零排放情况做了简单介绍,在目前的情况下,已经有成功地实现了造纸废水零排放的先例,明确了能够实现“零排放”的条件。结合淄博市相关造纸企业的“零排放”技术实施情况,对这一技术实施推广中发现的问题及可采取的措施做了初步探讨,以使这一清洁生产技术得到更好地推广。总之,推广这一技术,已势在必行。     

基于IPAT模型的江苏省能源消费与碳排放情景研究

利用环境负荷模型与"脱钩"理论,对江苏未来中长期的经济发展、能源需求与CO2排放进行了情景分析,并结合当前的环境政策,对三种情景下主要指标的参数和结果进行了设计与分析。研究表明,资源节约型与环境友好型社会的构建,低碳情景是江苏能源-经济-社会的协调发展最合适、也是最现实的方案;通过不同情景的比较,认为低碳情景的实现一定程度上是以减缓经济增长来实现节能减排目标的;低碳情景下能源需求与CO2排放也将明显快速增加,与2007年相比,2030年能源需求总量将增加1.431倍,碳排放总量将达到15 655×104t,未来20 a能源资源的有效供应与合理利用成为制约低碳经济发展的瓶颈因素。最后给出了实现节能减排、促进低碳经济发展的相关建议。     

Process loss prevention of petrochemical process: A case study of the flashing accident of the storage tank on acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene powder in Taiwan

Qualitative analysis, process hazard analysis, thermal evaluation, and fault tree analysis were applied to a flashing accident involving a storage tank that contained acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) powder in Taiwan. The accident was caused by combustible powder attached to the inner wall of the tank reaching a high temperature and then melting. Thereafter, the molten powder became glue-like and dropped onto the ABS powder, burning at the tank bottom, causing decomposition of the styrene and butadiene derivatives as well as other combustible gases. The high concentration of combustible powder and low ignition temperature triggered the powder, initiating a dust explosion. Finally, we analyzed the findings of each method and examined the properties of ABS powder, realizing that the root cause of the accident included an insufficient understanding of the characteristics of ABS and the failure to comply with the management procedures of hot work. Recommendations and countermeasures were proposed that could proactively ameliorate process safety.     

Testing of dust clouds for the electrostatic-spark ignition hazard in industry. Need for a modified approach?

Current standard test methods for electric-spark minimum ignition energies (MIEs) of dust clouds in air require that a series inductance of at least 1–2 mH be included in the electric-spark discharge circuit. The reason is to prolong the spark discharge duration and thus minimize the spark energy required for ignition. However, when assessing the minimum electrostatic energy ½CU² for dust cloud ignition by accidental electrostatic-spark discharges, current testing standards require that the series inductance of at least 1–2 mH be removed from the spark discharge circuit. No other changes of apparatus and test procedure are required. The present paper questions whether this simple approach is always adequate. The reason is that in practice in industry accidental electrostatic-spark discharge circuits may contain large ohmic resistances due to corrosion, poor electrical grounding connections, poorly electrically conducting construction materials etc. The result is increased spark discharge durations and reduced mechanical disturbance of the dust cloud by the blast wave emitted by the spark. Therefore, testing for minimum ½CU² for ignition by accidental electrostatic spark discharges may not only require removal of the series inductance of 1–2 mH from the standard MIE spark discharge circuit. Additional tests may be needed with one or more quite large series resistances R_s inserted into the spark discharge circuit. The present paper proposes a modified standard test procedure for measurement of the minimum electrostatic-spark ignition energy of dust clouds that accounts for these effects.     

天然气-汽油双燃料车实际道路排放特性研究

为研究使用天然气对轻型汽车排放的影响,利用便携式排放测试系统（PEMS）,对25辆压缩天然气-汽油双燃料出租车在实际道路上分别使用汽油和天然气时的CO2、CO、NOx和THC排放进行了对比测试.研究结果表明：实际道路上,原装车使用天然气相比汽油时,CO2、CO的排放平均分别降低22%和24%,NOx和THC的排放平均分...     

Emissions of C2 – C12 hydrocarbons in the Hsuehshan tunnel, Taiwan

The concentrations of 56 hydrocarbons from C2 to C12 were measured simultaneously in the southbound bore, the northbound bore and the exhaust air shafts of the Hsuehshan tunnel near Yilan, Taiwan for 12 days during 2007 and 2008. A total of 60 integrated air samples were collected using stainless steel canisters and analyzed using GC/FID and GC/MS. The five most abundant species in all samples were ethylene, acetylene, isopentane, propylene and toluene. The exit/entrance ratios of total non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) concentration were 7.8 and 4.8 for the southbound and northbound bores, respectively. Furthermore, the exhaust from the vertical shafts affects air quality in the neighborhood. The most abundant species of emission rate (ER) was toluene (21.93–42.89 mg/sec), followed by isopentane, ethylene, propylene and 1-butene, with ER ranging from 2.50 to 9.31 mg/sec. The species in the three exhaust air shafts showed that the reactivities of these emissions are similar to those of vehicle emissions. Notably, the control of emissions in the vertical shafts of the vehicle tunnel will be important in the future.