Combining product engineering and inherent safety to improve the powder impregnation process

The functionalization of nonwoven textiles can be realized by dry powder impregnation. In order to develop and improve this process, two complementary approaches have been combined: product engineering and inherent safety. It consists in integrating ab-initio consumers' requirements, production constraints as well as safety and environmental considerations. This case study is focused on the proposal, the characterization and the selection of powders mixtures of flame retardants and copolyesters, which will be used to create fire-proofed textiles. The influences of the chemical natures of the flame retardant (e.g. calcium carbonate, aluminium trihydroxide, ammonium polyphosphates), their respective concentrations, particle diameters and the addition of silica to flame retardant/polymer mixtures on their minimum ignition energy has been investigated. It has been determined that ammonium polyphosphates are far more efficient than other flame-retardants and that a minimum of 20%wt. concentration is needed to generate a powder mixture that will be almost insensitive to ignition by an electrostatic source. Modifying the particle size distribution and introducing glidants play also a significant role on flame retardant/polymer interactions, on powder dispersibility and has a strong impact on the minimum ignition energy. Finally, the formulations which have been selected fulfill the requirements for fire resistance, flowability, prevention of dust explosion; they are non-toxic, environmentally friendly and their cost is reduced.     

Effect of ignition delay on explosion parameters of corn dust/air in confined chamber

This paper presents the explosion parameters of corn dust/air mixtures in confined chamber. The measurements were conducted in a setup which comprises a 5 L explosion chamber, a dust dispersion sub-system, and a transient pressure measurement sub-system. The influences of the ignition delay on the pressure and the rate of pressure rise for the dust/air explosion have been discussed based on the experimental data. It is found that at the lower concentrations, the explosion pressure and the rate of pressure rise of corn dust/air mixtures decrease as the ignition delay increases from 60 ms; But at the higher concentrations, the explosion pressure and the rate of pressure rise increase slightly as the ignition delay increases from 60 ms to 80 ms, and decrease beyond 80 ms. The maximum explosion pressure of corn dust/air mixtures reaches its highest value equal to 0.79 MPa at the concentration of 1000 gm⁻³.     

基于灰色支持向量机组合模型的我国火电NOx排放量预测

区域火电NO_x排放量的预测属于小样本、贫信息的灰色系统. 由于NO_x排放量受多个因素的叠加性影响,单一预测模型难以准确反映NO_x排放量的复杂变化,易产生较大的预测误差. 基于此,利用灰色预测理论和支持向量机预测理论,建立了火电NO_x排放量组合优化预测模型. 采用国家权威部门发布的火电NO_x排放量数据,综合考虑影响我国火电NO_x排放量的主要因素,对我国2008—2010年以及2020年的火电NO_x排放量进行了预测,预测结果与官方公布的实际值基本一致; 同时,预测的时间大大缩短.      

佛山市中心城区机动车限行对污染物削减效果的分析

为改善2010年亚运会期间空气质量,佛山市对中心城区内部分道路进行试限行.采用欧洲COPERT模式,计算出不同排放标准、不同车速、不同车型下的机动车排放因子,通过交通流调查,获取限行前后典型道路交通流运行状态,并以此为依据评估限行后区内机动车污染减排效果.结果表明,限行期间,主要路段道路交通流量平均下降32.5%,车型比例变化较大,摩托车流量下降显著.各种污染物降幅比例并不一致.按照此流量降幅可以预计,如在区内全面展开机动车限行,单位路段污染物(CO、NOx、VOC、PM)年排放量分别下降48.1%、39.2%、43.6%、49.2%.     

氮氧化物(NOx)废气治理工程实例

针对氮氧化物(NOx)废气瞬时爆发性浓度极高、气量大,难于治理的危害特性,设计了一套适合敞开作业的通风净化系统装置。该工程既解决了原有NOx废气处理工艺的难题,提高NOx废气处理技术,又解决了"黄龙"对大气的污染,达到保护环境与社会和谐的统一。     

我国主要工业部门技术节能减排的潜力及实现途径探讨

论文在分析我国21世纪以来能源消费格局,尤其是高能耗产业能源消费的同时,比较各主要高耗能产业、 单位产品能耗与国际先进水平能耗的差距,针对高耗能产业的差距和主要问题,探讨了我国主要高耗能产业的技术节能减排潜力,以及通过高耗能产业的技术节能减排,在2020年全国实现单位GDP的CO₂排放降低40%~45%总目标中工业技术节能减排的贡献率和贡献规模。预计到2020年,通过煤电、 钢铁、 有色金属、 建材、 石化、 化工、 煤炭采选、 油气采选等主要高耗能产业的技术进步,所能实现的工业技术节能潜力为51 560×10⁴~52 000×10⁴ tec,相应减少CO₂的减排总规模为125 800×10⁴~126 880×10⁴ t,在整个单位GDP节能减排至2020年降低40%~45%的目标中,工业技术节能减排的贡献率大约占15.5%~16.5%,将不能承担起实现目标的主要责任。此外,针对我国工业技术节能减排的潜力进一步扩大,就未来主要的工业技术节能减排路径进行了讨论。     

三江平原泥炭沼泽湿地N2O排放通量及影响因子

运用静态暗箱-气相色谱法观测了三江平原毛苔草泥炭沼泽湿地植物生长季N2O排放通量,并分析了其关键影响因子.结果表明:生长季N2O排放通量季节变化动态明显,最大值出现在7月上旬;平均排放通量为76.77μg/(m2·h),高于潜育沼泽湿地[20~60μg/(m2·h), 2002~2005].N2O排放通量与土壤温度存在极显著指数关系(P<0.01),且随土壤深度(土壤10cm以下)的增加相关关系逐渐减弱;与水位呈极显著负相关关系(P<0.01);另外,植被是影响N2O排放的主要生物因子,有植被参与的N2O排放是无植被的1.7倍.总之,水位和土壤温度是控制泥炭沼泽N2O排放呈明显季节变化的主要因素,而土壤水文物理特性的差异是引起泥炭沼泽N2O排放高于潜育沼泽的主要原因.经初步估算,三江平原泥炭沼泽每年植物生长季N2O排放总量约为72.9Mg,表明泥炭沼泽湿地在生长季是重要的N2O潜在排放源.     

Strategic climate policy with offsets and incomplete abatement: Carbon taxes versus cap-and-trade

This paper provides a first analysis of a “policy bloc” of fossil fuel importers which implements an optimal climate policy, faces a (non-policy) fringe of other fuel importers, and an exporter bloc, and purchases offset from the fringe. We compare a carbon tax and a cap-and-trade scheme for the policy bloc, in either case accompanied by an efficient offset mechanism for reducing emissions in the fringe. The policy bloc is shown to prefer a tax over a cap, since only a tax reduces the fuel export price and by more when the policy bloc is larger. Offsets are also more favorable to the policy bloc under a tax than under a cap. The optimal offset price under a carbon tax is below the tax rate, while under a cap and free quota trading the offset price must equal the quota price. The domestic carbon and offset prices are both higher under a tax than under a cap when the policy bloc is small. When the policy bloc is larger, the offset price can be higher under a cap. Fringe countries gain by mitigation in the policy bloc, more under a carbon tax since the fuel import price is lower.     

Nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulate matter of Athens,Greece

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (N-PAHs) are chemical species of proven mutant and carcinogenic activity. In this study, the concentrations of seven different N-PAHs [2-nitronaphthalene (2N-NAP), 2-nitroflourene (2N-FLU), 2-nitroflouranthene (2N-FLA), 3-nitroflouranthene (3N-FLA), 1-nitropyrene (1N-PYR) and 2-nitropyrene (2N-PYR)] were determined in two fractions of atmospheric particulate matter from the atmosphere of Athens: coarse (2.4 μm?10 μm ) and fine (<2.4 μm ). 3N-FLA was not detected, whereas 1N-PYR, mostly originating from emissions from burning fuel, showed the maximum observed concentrations for both fractions and for the whole experimental period (especially during winter). In addition, 2N-FLA, a secondary nitro-PAH produced by photochemical reactions, showed relatively high values. Analysis of statistical data for N-PAH concentrations, using clustering technique, showed that: (1) 1N-NAP, 2N-FLU and 1N-PYR are mainly produced by direct burning; and (2) photochemical reactions are the dominant sources of 2N-NAP, 2N-PYR and 2N-FLA.     

Hematological responses of broiler chickens exposed to simulated crude petroleum emissions

Hematological responses of broiler chicken exposed to simulated crude petroleum emissions at varying distances over a period of 16 h daily were evaluated for 56 days in a poultry house. The burning of crude petroleum was simulated with a specially designed burner. The measured distances were 4, 8, or 12 m from the flame point. Control birds were located in a separate poultry building without the flame treatment. Gaseous emissions from the burning crude oil were monitored. Proprietory broiler starter and finisher diets were fed ad libitum. Blood samples were taken at the fourth and eighth weeks for hematological assay from each treatment. The hematological parameters assayed were hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, and lymphocytes. Results indicated that the treatment did not significantly affect the Hb, PCV, and WBC constituents. Neutrophils significantly decreased while lymphocytes increased. The age of birds significantly increased Hb, PCV, and WBC levels in the blood.