Environmental quality criteria: Some considerations

The physicochemical characteristics of the recipient environment into which chemical contaminants are deposited may influence their chemical speciation, mobility, bioavailability, and toxicity. In formulating Water Quality Criteria, the Environmental Protection Agency of the United States (EPA) considered the modifying effect of abiotic environmental factors on pollutant toxicity in an innovative regulatory approach. Scientific knowledge of the interactions and correlations between pollutant toxicity and abiotic factors remains limited. Recognition of the influence of the physicochemical characteristics of the recipient environment on pollutant toxicity has implications for the eventual formulation of regional, rather than uniform and national, criteria. In addition, in developing Water Quality Criteria that incorporate the effects of pollutants on aquatic life, EPA primarily focused on toxicity to aquatic animals and plants (including unicellular algae). The effects of pollutants on microbe-mediated ecological processes that are necessary for maintaining the state and quality of the ecosphere (such as biogeochemical cyclings, litter decomposition, and mineralization) were not included in the formulation of the Water Quality Criteria. To facilitate the recognition and quantification of adverse effects of pollutants on these ecological processes, the development of a computation, termed the ecological dosage 50% (EcD₅₀) is recommended. Such a formulation could also be applied to setting environmental quality criteria for terrestrial ecosystems.     

Photo-Fenton法降解水中新型污染物双氯芬酸及降解产物的毒性评价

研究了photo-Fenton反应对非甾体抗炎药双氯芬酸的降解和矿化.同时,探讨了H2O2、Fe2+初始浓度、pH值等因素对photo-Fenton反应的影响,确定了最佳操作条件,并进行了各种氧化法的比较.结果表明,对于UV/H2O2/Fe2+反应系统下双氯芬酸的降解,其降解速率受到反应条件的强烈影响.双氯芬酸初始浓度为20mg·L-1时,适宜操作条件是pH值为5,初始FeSO4浓度为5mg·L-1,初始H2O2浓度为200mg·L-1.在最佳条件下,各种氧化法的降解能力趋势为UV/Fenton>UV/H2O2>Fenton>UV.由于反应中有中间产物的生成,双氯芬酸的矿化过程要长于降解过程,其生物毒性也是随着反应的进行先增大而后减小.     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

民用燃料燃烧碳质组分及VOCs排放特征

选取北京市地区典型生物质燃料（玉米芯、玉米秆、黄豆秆、草梗、松木、栗树枝、桃树枝）以及民用煤（烟煤、蜂窝煤）在实验室内进行了模拟燃烧实验,对燃烧产生的颗粒物及气体样品进行采集,采用Model 2001A热/光碳分析仪对不同粒径段颗粒物中的有机碳、元素碳进行测定,采用AgilentGC-MS 5977/7890B气质联用仪对燃烧烟气中的挥发性有机物进行分析.研究表明：除蜂窝煤OC、EC的排放因子在2.5~10μm粒径范围内达到最大,其他8种固体燃料燃烧产生的OC、EC的排放因子最大值均在0~2.5μm粒径范围内.薪柴（栗树枝、桃树枝、松木）、秸秆（玉米芯、玉米秆、黄豆秆、草梗）和民用煤（蜂窝煤、烟煤）3类物质燃烧排放VOCs的物种分类差异较大.薪柴和民用煤燃烧排放的卤代烃以及含氧有机物的质量分数明显高于秸秆的质量分数;在同一类别中VOCs物质分布趋势一致.3种薪柴平均总VOCs的排放系数为2.02g/kg,4种秸秆平均总VOCs的排放系数为6.89g/kg,2种民用煤平均总VOCs的排放系数为2.03g/kg,秸秆类的排放因子最大.玉米芯、玉米秆、黄豆秆和草梗的臭氧生成潜势较高,而栗树枝、桃树枝、松木、烟煤以及蜂窝煤的臭氧生成潜势较低,且分布类似.烯烃类、烷烃类、芳香烃类是固体燃料燃烧臭氧生成潜势贡献较大的VOCs物质.     

7种金属离子对中国林蛙和中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的急性毒性比较研究

为评估Cu2+,Hg2+,Cr6+,Cd2+,Li+,Al3+和Co2+7种金属离子对中国林蛙(Rana Chensinensis)和中华大蟾蜍(Bufo gargarizans)蝌蚪的急性毒性效应,采用生物毒性试验方法对中国林蛙和中华大蟾蜍36期蝌蚪,进行上述7种金属离子的急性毒性试验,分别测定了这7种金属离子对中国林蛙蝌蚪和中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的半数致死浓度(LC50)。此外,分析了中国林蛙和中华大蟾蜍36期蝌蚪的肥满度、肝指数等形态指标。结果显示,Cu2+、Hg2+、Cr6+、Cd2+、Li1+、Al3+、Co2+对中国林蛙蝌蚪的96h-LC50分别为0.270 mg·L-1、0.803 mg·L-1、2.375 mg·L-1、7.351 mg·L-1、11.273 mg·L-1、17.265 mg·L-1和20.973 mg·L-1。对中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪的96 h-LC50分别0.593 mg·L-1、0.593 mg·L-1、2.827 mg·L-1、2.592 mg·L-1、12.656 mg·L-1、14.020 mg·L-1和57.435 mg·L-1。中国林蛙蝌蚪对Cu2+、Cr6+、Li+、Co6+4种金属离子的敏感性相对较高,而中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪对Hg2+、Cd2+、Al3+3种金属离子的敏感性相对较高。形态指标的差异是中国林蛙与中华大蟾蜍蝌蚪对同一金属离子敏感性差异的原因之一。     

西安市夏末秋初PM_(2.5)中碳组分分析

2012年9月1日至30日利用大气气溶胶OC/EC在线分析仪在线分析了西安PM2.5中的OC、EC,并结合O3和紫外辐射数据(UV)进行了分析。结果表明:PM2.5、OC、EC、及O3的日均值分别为85.22,19.50,7.18,56.69μg/m3。PM2.5及其中OC、EC的日变化规律呈现"双峰"分布,OC、EC的日波动范围较PM2.5小,且OC的波动范围较EC大,OC、EC的相关性较高(R2=0.73)。PM2.5中TCA的平均比重为47.85%,是PM2.5的主要成分之一,TCA以OM为主,OM中SOC的平均比重高达54.76%,PM2.5中SOC的平均比重为21.25%,SOC和O3的相关性较高,表明研究期间西安市有机物光化学反应较重。1 d中10:00至19:00是PM2.5中SOC比重最高的时段且呈上升趋势,而PM2.5中TCA的变化规律则呈"W"型双峰分布。     

济南市环境空气中PM_(2.5)的碳组成与特征分析

对济南市环境空气中PM2.5中碳组分污染特征的研究结果表明,济南市环境空气细颗粒物中碳主要以有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)的形式存在,二者浓度以冬季最高,且变化趋势相同;OC占总碳比例较高;冬季二次有机气溶胶(SOC)浓度最高,与污染源排放及气象条件有关。     

含碳气溶胶研究进展：有机碳和元素碳

含碳气溶胶是我国大气区域性复合型污染的重要物种,对全球气候变化、辐射强迫、能见度、环境质量、人类健康等会产生重要影响.主要从含碳气溶胶来源及成因、环境影响、样品采集及测试等方面对国内外相关研究进行了评述,讨论了有机碳和元素碳研究中存在的关键和难点问题,并对其发展前景进行了展望.