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41.
《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》(简称《议定书》)的《基加利修正案》(简称《修正案》)是继气候变化《巴黎协定》后又一里程碑式的重要文件。本文总结了《修正案》的核心要素,介绍了欧盟利用新修订的《含氟温室气体法规》对氢氟碳化物(HFCs)类物质开展管理的主要措施和制度,分析了该法规执行以来的效果和过程中存在的问题,提出了欧盟HFCs管控政策对我国进出口管理的政策法规、进出口禁令和配额管理等的管控启示。 相似文献
42.
Davide Manca 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》2013,26(6):974-981
Safety reports are mandatory documents in member states of European Union whenever any threshold limits of amounts of either stored or processed hazardous substances are exceeded. After a short introduction to EU Seveso Directives on major-accident hazards involving dangerous substances and to the transposition and implementation by member states, with a brief comment on last 2012/18/EU Directive (also known as Seveso III directive), the paper focuses on drafting of safety reports for industrial activities involving solid explosives. Specifically, the quantitative assessment of consequences from detonation is tackled respect to the side-on overpressure and the debris production. Both direct and inverse problems are illustrated to determine respectively the overpressure value at a given distance, and the explosive amount that allows respecting the regulations. Their solution is based on either analytic or numerical techniques and being based on recent scientific publications on the matter either evaluates or zeroes nonlinear algebraic equations. The availability of these equations avoids grounding the consequences assessment on diagrams and nomograms that otherwise would lead to interpretation and usage errors besides avoiding the automatic solution of the inverse problem. The paper focuses also on details such as embankment, crater, munitions, rocket propellant, building structure, and wall material that, at different levels, play a role in the assessment of detonation consequences. A discussion on debris formation, the available literature, and the evaluation of the impact probability of fragments on both fixed and moving targets closes the paper. 相似文献
43.
Julian Bonello 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2013,19(1):133-138
Introduction. This study measures the exposure of occupational therapists from a 1.5-T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine. Method. A total of 14 time-series on each of the chest, head and hand were taken before and after different MRI procedures. The peak values were noted in each case together with an average of all data recorded in the time-series. Results. The highest exposure recorded was observed on the hand, followed by the head and the chest. The overall maximum exposure (1479.40?mT) recorded was observed on the hand during a change of coil. It was also observed that the recorded exposure of experienced radiographers working in the MRI environment was less than that of junior staff due to different practices. Conclusion. This study is of significant importance in Malta since it is the first conducted in a MRI environment, especially because the results were compared with limits imposed by EU Directive 2013/35/EU which has to be implemented by July 2016. 相似文献
44.
Jeroen van der Heijden Ernst ten Heuvelhof Bertien Broekhans Sonja van der Arend Ellen van Bueren Casper Harteveld 《Local Environment》2013,18(3):318-333
The European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) has provided the European Member States with a range of interacting governance challenges. This article studies three of these (the need for new administrative arrangements, public participation, and the enforced strict time frame). It questions how these interacting governance challenges were addressed in implementing the WFD in the Netherlands – a particularly interesting country since the European Commission assesses its implementation process in relatively positive terms, while an in-depth study reported on in this article tells a contrasting story. Based on this study, the article concludes that especially the interaction effects between the governance challenges may help us to better understand the outcome of the WFD-implementation process, and to provide more suitable advice as to how to improve the implementation process in future rounds. 相似文献
45.
Abstract The purpose of this study is merely to review the current situation in the designing and implementation of the emission trading programs in Europe. Historical data show that although there is a series of shortcomings in their current functioning, employing such instruments for GHG reduction policy making is strongly expected to be efficient and effective. The European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS), Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) and Joint Implementation (JI) are just a few examples of the ambitious EU initiative that heavily relies on such instruments. We dwell on their operations and achievements by far and all the content in this article is expected to convince the Chinese government and regional public authorities to take positive actions and attitudes in promoting these instruments. 相似文献
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47.
罗立昱 《中国环境管理干部学院学报》2012,22(3):39-41,45
臭氧层损耗是重要的全球环境问题之一。最早认识到臭氧层危害的美国率先在国内立法控制相关物质,然而另一大经济体——欧共体,在这一方面却行动迟缓。在保护臭氧层的国际谈判中,美欧之间相互妥协,最终达成了对氟氯烃化合物(CFCs)进行限控的《蒙特利尔议定书》。美欧之间的分歧来自国内化工业巨头的影响,国际经济变动影响外交决策。国际环境问题背后隐藏的经济关系与大国的领导作用是影响国际环境合作的主要因素。 相似文献
48.
Izaskun Zorita Joana Larreta Natalia Montero José Germán Rodríguez Javier Franco Ángel Borja 《Chemistry and Ecology》2013,29(5):432-445
Bioaccumulation and biological effects of pollution were assessed in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) caged for one month at three sites in the Oiartzun estuary (south-eastern Bay of Biscay, Spain) with the aim of evaluating their usefulness within the investigative monitoring defined in the European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD). The highest concentrations of organic contaminants determined in mussels' tissue were detected towards the inner part of the estuary but no gradient pattern was found for metal bioaccumulation. Population fitness responses measured as condition index, stress on stress and gonad index were similar in all caged mussels and did not follow the organic pollution gradient. However, biomarkers determined at tissue, cell and protein level (histopathology, micronuclei frequency, malondialdehyde levels and vitellogenin-like protein levels) revealed a higher stress syndrome at the inner part of the estuary showing signs of genotoxicity, oxidative stress and endocrine disruption. Overall, the integrated chemical–biological approach in connection with mussel caging technique proved to be a useful tool to assess environmental pollution, allowing a better understanding of the cause–effect relationship within the investigative monitoring defined in the WFD. 相似文献
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50.
欧洲有关国家关于执行欧盟废旧电子电气指令的措施 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
随着全球高科技工业的迅猛发展、人类消费水平的不断提高和消费结构的变化,电子废弃物快速增长,并造成日益严重的环境污染问题,因此引起了全球各国高度关注并制定了相关环境管理对策。2003年2月13日,欧盟公布了《废旧电子电气设备指令》(简称WEEE指令)和《限制某些有害物质在电子电气设备中使用指令》(简称ROHs指令)。欧盟各国实践表明,欧盟成员在欧盟指令公布之前已经制定了关于收集和适当处理电子电气废物的规定,这些规定基本上与欧盟新指令有着相同的内涵。因此,欧盟成员政府并不需要为了满足欧盟指令的新要求而对目前国内的电子电气处理体制做太大的修改,故可以预期欧盟各国执行欧盟关于废旧电子电气设备指令过程中将不会导致过多问题产生,并且执行成本相对较小。 相似文献