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21.
Kees van Leeuwen 《Environmental management》1990,14(6):779-792
In a recently published annex to the National Environmental Policy Plan of the Netherlands (1989), attention was paid to ecotoxicological
effects assessment. The proposed procedure was based on the advice of the Health Council of the Netherlands (1989) on risk
assessment of toxic chemicals for ecosystems. The various extrapolation methods described by the Health Council are critically
discussed in this paper. The extrapolation method of Van Straalen and Denneman (1989) is evaluated for eight chemicals and
11 aquatic species. Conclusions are drawn about the quality and quantity of the ecotoxicological data needed for aquatic effects
assessment. For the soil—a compartment that is often at risk—ecotoxicological effects assessment is not possible because suitable
ecotoxicological test methods still have to be developed. 相似文献
22.
Standard procedures for evaluating environmental impact involve comparison between before and after conditions or scenarios
or between treatment and control site pairs. In many cases, however, endogenous directional change (natural succession) is
expected to occur at a significant rate over the period of concern, particularly for manmade systems such as impoundments.
Static evaluations do not provide an adequate approach to such problems. A new evaluation frame is proposed. Nominal system
behavior over time is characterized by a stochastic envelope around a nominal trajectory. We show that both the state variance
and the sampling variance can change over time. In this context, environmental regulations can be framed as constraints, targets,
or conformance to ideal trajectories. Statistical tests for determining noncompliance are explored relative to process variance,
sample error, and sample size. Criteria are elucidated for choosing properties to monitor, sample size, and sampling interval. 相似文献
23.
K. W. Schatz V. M. Fthenakis 《Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries》1994,7(6):451-456
Fluid bed tests were used to determine overall reaction rates for eight different dry powders of low hazard and toxicity before and after reaction with HF. In flow chamber tests, a representative oxide, hydroxide and carbonate were used to measure the efficiency of mitigation of an HF aerosol cloud. The results show that dry powders provide a valid alternative to water spray mitigation. Powder efficiencies are higher than water efficiencies at constant weight ratio.
At present, no attempt has been made to provide any technical designs or layouts for powder mitigation systems. However, the technology for smaller systems is available through manufacturers of dry powder chemical fire extinguisher equipment. When these powders are kept dry and under nitrogen atmosphere, a shelf life of several years can be expected. 相似文献
24.
David Berryman Bernard Bobe Daniel Cluis John Haemmerli 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1988,24(3):545-556
ABSTRACT: A review of nonparametric tests for trend leads to the conclusion that Mann-Whitney, Spearman, and Kendall tests are the best choice for trend detection in water quality time series. Recently these tests have been adapted to account for dependence and seasonality in such series (Lettenmaier, 1976; Hirsch, et al., 1972; Hirsch and Slack, 1984). For monotonic trends, a procedure allowing to select the pertinent tests considering the characteristics of time series is proposed and the practical limitations of the tests are also brought out. This procedure has been applied to identify the appropriate trend detection test for the time series of nine water quality parameters at Lake Laflamme (Québec). When a time series can be tested with the Mann-Whitney, Kendall, Spearman, or Lettenmaier (1976) test, the number of observations required to detect trends of a given magnitude, for selected significance and power levels can be calculated with the power function of the t test. When the test proposed by Hirsch, et al. (1984), Hirsch and Slack (1984), or Farrell (1980) need to be used, the number of observations can only be estimated approximately from the results of empirical power studies. 相似文献
25.
南京粉质粘土与粉砂互层土及粉细砂的抗液化性能试验研究 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
南京粉质粘土与粉砂互层土为粉质粘土与粉细砂交互沉积,呈现“千层饼”状外貌;南京粉细砂是一种以片状颗粒成分为主的粉细砂,与通常的圆形颗粒石英砂有一定区别,片状颗粒成分使得南京粉细砂具有各向异性的性质。通过南京粉质粘土与粉砂互层土及粉细砂对比液化试验,对其试验成果进行分析,从中发现:无论是偏压固结还是均压团结,当固结压力α_2=100 kPa时,南京粉质粘土与粉砂互层土的液化剪应力比比南京粉细砂的大得多;而当固结压力α_2=200kPa时,两种土的液化剪应力比相当接近。因而,对于重大工程应该慎重考虑它们的液化可能性。 相似文献
26.
27.
Huynh Ngoc Phien Anat Arbhabhirama 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1980,16(5):856-861
ABSTRACT: The effects of the selections of plotting position formulae and class division schemes on goodness of fit tests are investigated for the extreme-value type-1 distribution using annual flood and annual maximum daily rainfall data. It was found that the plotting position formulae have a minor influence on the tests which involve their use, while the class division schemes may have a pronounced effect on the X2-test. The study also recommended the maximum likelihood method for fitting purposes and a new test which is independent of the afore-mentioned selections for judging the goodness of fit. 相似文献
28.
为了评价全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)对水环境及鱼类的影响,以斑马鱼为模式生物,研究了PFOS和MWCNTs复合对斑马鱼外周血红细胞的DNA损伤。将成年斑马鱼暴露于PFOS(0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6 mg·L-1)、MWCNTs(50 mg·L-1)、PFOS+MWCNTs(0.2+50、0.4+50、0.8+50、1.6+50 mg·L-1)和对照溶液中30 d后,断尾取血进行微核试验和彗星试验。结果表明:PFOS和MWCNTs均可造成斑马鱼外周血红细胞的DNA损伤。1.6 mg·L-1PFOS处理组的微核率、Olive尾矩及尾长分别为(36.3±0.25)‰、(87.91±14.90)μm和(250.49±34.71)μm。PFOS与MWCNTs复合后,斑马鱼外周血红细胞的DNA损伤效应明显降低。复合处理组斑马鱼外周血红细胞的微核率、Olive尾矩及尾长均低于PFOS单独处理相。1.6 mg·L-1复合处理组的微核率、Olive尾矩及尾长比PFOS单独处理组分别降低了24.7%、68.9%、52.4%。因此,在实验浓度范围内,MWCNTs可以降低PFOS对斑马鱼外周血红细胞的DNA损伤。 相似文献
29.
Emo Chiellini Andrea Corti Salvatore D’Antone Norman C. Billingham 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2007,15(3):169-178
Most of the standardized biodegradation tests used to assess the ultimate biodegradation of environmentally degradable polymers
are based solely on the determination of net evolved carbon dioxide. However, under aerobic conditions, it has to be considered
that heterotrophic microbial consortia metabolize carbon substrates both to carbon dioxide and in the production of new cell
biomass. It is generally accepted that in the relatively short term, 50% of the carbon content of most organic substrates
is converted to CO2, with the remaining carbon being assimilated as biomass or incorporated into humus. The latter is particularly important
when the metabolism of the organic matter occurs in a soil environment. A straightforward relationship between the free-energy
content of a carbon substrate (expressed as the standard free-energy of combustion) and its propensity for conversion to new
microbial biomass rather than mineralization to CO2 has been established. This can potentially lead to underestimation of biodegradation levels of test compounds, especially
when they consist of carbon in a fairly low formal oxidation state and relatively high free-energy content. In the present
work, the metabolism of different kind of carbon substrates, especially in soil, is reviewed and compared with our own experimental
results from respirometric tests. The results show that conversion of highly oxidized materials, such as the commonly used
reference materials, cellulose or starch, to CO2 may be significantly overestimated. The addition of glucosidic material to soil leads to greatly increased respiration and
is accompanied by a very low conversion to biomass or humic substances. In contrast, relatively less oxidized substrates metabolize
more slowly to give both CO2 and biomass to an extent which may be significantly underestimated if glucosidic materials are used as the reference. The
need for an overall carbon balance taking into account both the carbon immobilized as biomass and that volatized as CO2 must be considered in standard respirometric procedures for assessing the biodegradability of slowly degrading macromolecules. 相似文献
30.
Renal abnormalities are some of the commonest and most easily detectable anomalies on ultrasound. Many are an isolated finding but the prognosis may be altered considerably by the detection of other anomalies which could indicate a genetic disorder or syndrome. It is often easier to detect presupposed anomalies and the purpose of this article is to introduce and discuss those syndromes that may present with a renal abnormality on ultrasound. Common renal findings are presented with the range of additional anomalies that should be sought and suggested diagnostic tests. It should be remembered that although for many genetic conditions specific mutation analysis is now available, this usually requires pre‒pregnancy investigations. Furthermore, in some cases the definitive diagnosis may not be suspected until post mortem. By this time it may be too late to establish a cell line to confirm the suspicion using laboratory methods. It is therefore important to take tissue samples antenatally where possible, or at delivery, as postnatal samples may have a high culture failure rate. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献