Reduction of sampling and analytical errors for electron microscopic analysis of atmospheric aerosols

Electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy (EM/EDS) can be used to determine the elemental composition of individual particles. However, the accuracy with which atmospheric particle compositions can be quantitatively determined is not well understood. In this work we explore sources of sampling and analytical bias and methods of reducing bias. Sulfuric acid [H₂SO₄] and ammonium sulfate [(NH₄)₂SO₄] particles were collected on beryllium, silicon, and carbon substrates with similar deposition densities. While [(NH₄)₂SO₄] particles were observed on all substrates, [H₂SO₄] and ammonia-treated [H₂SO₄] particles could not be found on beryllium substrates. Interactions between the substrate and sulfuric acid particles are implicated. When measured with EM/EDS, [H₂SO₄] particles exposed to ammonia overnight were found having lower beam damage rates (0.000 ± 0.002 fraction s⁻¹) than those without any treatment (0.023 ± 0.006 fraction s⁻¹) For laboratory-generated [C₁₀H₆(SO₃Na)₂] particles, the composition determined using the experimental k-factors evaluated from independent particle standards of similar composition and size shows an error less than 20% for all constituents, while greater than 78% errors were found when k-factors were calculated from the theory. This study suggests (1) that sulfate beam damage can be reduced by exposure of atmospheric particle samples to ammonia before analysis, (2) that beryllium is not a suitable substrate for atmospheric particle analysis, and (3) calibration (k-factor determination) using particle standards of similar size and composition to particles present in the atmosphere shows promise as a way of improving the accuracy of quantitative EM analysis.     

短程反硝化聚磷的反硝化特征研究

研究了温度、pH值、电子供体种类及电子受体种类对反硝化的影响。试验结果表明，（1）在相同试验条件下。亚硝酸型反硝化与硝酸型反硝化的速率与硝态氮的浓度有关。在温度为25℃、pH为7的条件下，基质浓度〈300mg／L时短程反硝化速率较快；基质浓度≥300mg／L时，以NO3^-为基质的反硝化速率较大。（2）具有大量碳源储存物（PHB）的细菌可实现快速的内源性反硝化脱氮，而处于饥饿状态的细菌的内源性反硝化效率极低。     

Performance and recent improvement in microbial fuel cells for simultaneous carbon and nitrogen removal: A review

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have become a promising technology for wastewater treatment accompanying electricity generation. Carbon and nitrogen removal can be achieved by utilizing the electron transfer between the anode and cathode in an MFC. However, large-scale power production and high removal efficiency must be achieved at a low cost to make MFCs practical and economically competitive in the future. This article reviews the principles, feasibility and bottlenecks of MFCs for simultaneous carbon and nitrogen removal, the recent advances and prospective strategies for performance improvement, as well as the involved microbes and electron transfer mechanisms.     

Feasibility assessment of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket treatment of sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater

The UASB system successfully treated sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater. High concentration sulfate of this wastewater was the main refractory factor. UASB recovery performance after a few days of inflow arrest was studied. The optimal UASB operating conditions for practical application were determined. Treatment of sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater is a big challenge. In this study, a series of anaerobic evaluation tests on pharmaceutical wastewater from different operating units was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of using anaerobic digestion, and the results indicated that the key refractory factor for anaerobic treatment of this wastewater was the high sulfate concentration. A laboratory-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was operated for 195 days to investigate the effects of the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), organic loading rate (OLR), and COD/SO₄^2? ratio on the biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole in pharmaceutical wastewater and the process performance. The electron flow indicated that methanogenesis was still the dominant reaction although sulfidogenesis was enhanced with a stepwise decrease in the influent COD/SO₄^2? ratio. For the treated sulfamethoxazole pharmaceutical wastewater, a COD of 4983 mg/L (diluted by 50%), OLR of 2.5 kg COD/(m³·d), and COD/SO₄^2? ratio of more than 5 were suitable for practical applications. The recovery performance indicated that the system could resume operation quickly even if production was halted for a few days.     

内源性气态SO2对血管的舒张作用及其机制Ⅱ：与亚硫酸盐的比较及SO2的内源产生与调节

为了探讨内源性气态SO2对血管的舒张作用及其机制,采用将气态SO2或SO2生理盐水溶液加入孵育液,使SO2分子直接作用于离体大鼠胸主动脉血管环的方法,对体内SO2的失活机制、正常生理浓度及其内源产生的体内调节等进行了研究,并对亚硫酸盐/亚硫酸氢盐能否作为"SO2供体"的问题进行了讨论.结果显示:1)气态SO(21~2000μmol·L-1)对血管的舒张作用是剂量依赖性的,且其舒血管作用远大于SO2衍生物(亚硫酸盐和亚硫酸氢盐),表明SO2衍生物是SO2信号作用失活的产物;2)SO2气体和SO2生理盐水溶液对大鼠血管的舒张作用强度相似,表明在SO2生理学或毒理学试验中二者可相互替代;3)正常大鼠胸主动脉血管组织和血浆中内源性SO2平均浓度分别为(127.76±31.34)和(16.77±8.24)μmol·L-1,表明血管组织SO2的浓度很高;4)内源性SO2在血管内皮和平滑肌细胞均可合成,但主要在血管内皮细胞合成;5)不论对大鼠体内血管组织还是对离体血管组织、体外培养的血管内皮和平滑肌细胞,乙酰胆碱(Ach)均能剂量依赖性地促进SO2的产生,而重酒石酸去甲肾上腺素(NE)能够抑制SO2产生.由此结论:1)SO2生理作用的失活途径为"气态SO2→亚硫酸盐/亚硫酸氢盐→硫酸盐",亚硫酸盐和亚硫酸氢盐混合液的作用并不能等同于内源性SO2的作用,不能作为体内、外处理生物组织的"SO2供体";2)直接应用SO2气体或者应用SO2生理盐水溶液代替SO2气体处理生物组织可作为内源性SO2生理学研究的新模式;3)血管组织SO2的浓度很高且主要在内皮细胞合成;4)SO2的生物合成也能被体内某些内源性物质(如Ach、NE)所调节.     

电气石对脱氯菌降解三氯乙烯的影响

以电气石作为环境微生物强化介质材料,协同以Dehalococcoides spp.为主体的脱氯混合菌群(简称脱氯菌)对水中的三氯乙烯(TCE)进行降解,探讨了电气石对降解效果的影响。实验结果表明:电气石可调节水溶液的p H使之趋向于中性并提高水溶液的电导率;在脱氯菌接种量为8%、电气石加入量为5.0 g/L的条件下降解20mg/L的TCE,84 h时TCE已全部降解,而未加电气石体系只降解了54.7%;外加电子供体甲醇和外加电气石均可明显提高脱氯菌对TCE的降解速率,且外加电气石的降解效果更好,说明电气石可能在促进微生物生长繁殖的同时也能为其提供合适的电子供体,这对降解地下水中的TCE具有重要意义。     

厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池同步除碳脱氮产电性能影响因素

研究了厌氧流化床微生物燃料电池(AFB-MFC)除碳脱氮产电性能的影响因素。结果表明:(1)AFB-MFC对NH4+-N的去除不起作用。电压下降主要是由于进水有机基质浓度下降造成。(2)不添加NO3--N时,在满足AFB-MFC脱氮所需的电子供体条件下增加进水COD/TN有利于AFB-MFC产电。(3)3种无机氮共存下,AFB-MFC在进水有机碳与无机氮质量比(C/N)不低于1.37时,对COD、NO2--N和NO3--N具有理想的去除效果。AFB-MFB在一定进水C/N范围内(1.37～2.50),能得到稳定的输出电压及功率密度。(4)固定进水C/N时,AFB-MFC在高碳氮负荷下仍能得到较理想的NO2--N、NO3--N、COD去除效果,AFB-MFC对NH4+-N去除效果不明显;增加碳氮负荷,AFB-MFC输出电压及功率密度没有明显的改变。(5)有机基质浓度不变下,AFB-MFC中充足的电子供体可保证较高的NO3--N、COD去除率。AFB-MFC输出电压及功率密度随着时间延长而先增加至稳定值后下降。     

Geochemical and microbiological processes contributing to the transformation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) in contaminated aquifer material

Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) is a potential human carcinogen, and its contamination of subsurface environments is a significant threat to public health. This study investigated abiotic and biological degradation of RDX in contaminated aquifer material. Anoxic batch systems were started with and without pre-aeration of aquifer material to distinguish initial biological RDX reduction from abiotic RDX reduction. Aerating the sediment eliminated chemical reductants in the native aquifer sediment, primarily Fe(II) sorbed to mineral surfaces. RDX (50 μM) was completely reduced and transformed to ring cleavage products when excess concentrations (2 mM) of acetate or lactate were provided as the electron donor for aerated sediment. RDX was reduced concurrently with Fe(III) when acetate was provided, while RDX, Fe(III), and sulfate were reduced simultaneously with lactate amendment. Betaproteobacteria were the dominant microorganisms associated with RDX and Fe(III)/sulfate reduction. In particular, Rhodoferax spp. increased from 21% to 35% and from 28% to 60% after biostimulation by acetate and lactate, respectively. Rarefaction analyses demonstrated that microbial diversity decreased in electron-donor-amended systems with active RDX degradation. Although significant amounts of Fe(III) and/or sulfate were reduced after biostimulation, solid-phase reactive minerals such as magnetite or ferrous sulfides were not observed, suggesting that RDX reduction in the aquifer sediment is due to Fe(II) adsorbed to solid surfaces as a result of Fe(III)-reducing microbial activity. These results suggest that both biotic and abiotic processes play an important role in RDX reduction under in situ conditions.     

Radiolysis of aqueous 4-nitrophenol solution with Al2O3 or TiO2 nanoparticles

Aqueous 4-nitrophenol solutions containing TiO₂ or Al₂O₃ nanoparticles were irradiated with electron beam. 4-nitrophenol was decomposed by the ionizing radiation process in the absence of the nanoparticles. The addition of TiO₂ or Al₂O₃ (2 g l⁻¹) before irradiation improved the removal of 4-nitrophenol, total organic carbon (TOC) but also nitrogen (TN). To identify the origin of the loss (catalysis or simply adsorption), TiO₂ or Al₂O₃ nanoparticles were added after irradiation. Experiments show that the effect of the presence of TiO₂ or Al₂O₃ during irradiation is just due to adsorption.     

气相色谱法测定城市自来水中有机氯农药的残留

水中有机氯农药经有机溶剂如环已烷的萃取浓缩后,由高纯氮气载入色谱柱进行分离,载有有机氯农药的氮气进入电子捕获检测器ECD后,其出峰顺序为①α-HCH②γ-HCH③β-HCH④δ-HCH⑤P,P-DDE⑥O,P-DDT⑦P,P-DDD⑧P,P-DDT。用该方法测试的结果表明,在去离子水中添加10ug/L级待测物时,各种待测物的回收率为9350%~9906%(3次平均值),相对标准偏差(RSD)为6%~18%(7次测定平均值)。最低检出量为005ug/L~033ug/L。文中阐述的方法改进了现有的GB5750-85方法中的萃取方法,取得了令人满意的结果。本文也给出了几种常见有机氯农药最小检出量,并在检测水源水的实际工作中得到应用。