Mercury Accumulation in Periphyton of Eight River Ecosystems1

Abstract: In 2003, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) National Water‐Quality Assessment (NAWQA) program and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency studied total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in periphyton at eight rivers in the United States in coordination with a larger USGS study on mercury cycling in rivers. Periphyton samples were collected using trace element clean techniques and NAWQA sampling protocols in spring and fall from targeted habitats (streambed surface‐sediment, cobble, or woody snags) at each river site. A positive correlation was observed between concentrations of THg and MeHg in periphyton (r² = 0.88, in log‐log space). Mean MeHg and THg concentrations in surface‐sediment periphyton were significantly higher (1,333 ng/m² for MeHg and 53,980 ng/m² for THg) than cobble (64 ng/m² for MeHg and 1,192 ng/m² for THg) or woody snag (71 ng/m² for MeHg and 1,089 ng/m² for THg) periphyton. Concentrations of THg in surface‐sediment periphyton had a strong positive correlation with concentrations of THg in sediment (dry weight). The ratio of MeHg:THg in surface‐sediment periphyton increased with the ratio of MeHg:THg in sediment. These data suggest periphyton may play a key role in mercury bioaccumulation in river ecosystems.     

Mercury distribution and bioaccumulation up the soil-plant-grasshopper-spider food chain in Huludao City, China

The purpose of this study is to investigate total mercury (THg) distribution and its bioaccumulation up the soil-plant-grasshopperspider in the Huludao City, which is polluted seriously by chlor-alkali and zinc smelting industry in Northeast of China. Results indicated that average THg concentrations in soil, plant leaves, grasshopper Locusta migratoria manilensis and Acrida chinensis, and spider were 0.151, 0.119, 0.167 and 0.134 mg/kg, respectively. THg spatial distribution suggested that most of mercury came from the chlor-alkali plant and the two zinc smelteries. The highest mercury concentration was found in the wings among different grasshoppers’ organs. Although spiders are the predatory, THg concentrations in their bodies were not high, and only on the same level as in grasshoppers, which might be due to spiders’ special living habits. In the light of the mercury transportation at every stage of the soil-plant-grasshopper-spider food chain, the bioaccumulation factors were 0.03, 0.79–1.11 and 0.80–1.13 respectively. It suggested that mercury biomagnification up terrestrial food chains was not so large and obvious as it was in the aquatic food chain.     

Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish and shellfish downstream from electronic-waste recycling plants

We measured 39 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the muscle tissue of three species of fish (Sciaenops ocellatus, Sparus macrocephalus, and Lateolabrax japonicus) and four species of shellfish (Tegillarca granosa, Cyclina sinensis, Sinonovacula constricta, and Ostrea cucullata) that were collected downstream of electronic-waste recycling plants in Taizhou, China. A total of 24 PBDE congeners (PBDE24) in the samples were detected. The PPBDE24 (total PBDE) ranged from 545.4 to 1688.7 ng/kg ww (wet weight). The mean PPBDE24 concentration was 1382.6 ng/kg ww in fish and 858.1 ng/kg ww in shellfish. The lower brominated congeners were detected at relatively high concentrations in all species. The penta-products, produced from e-waste, were found at relatively low levels. A principal component analysis suggested a significant correlation among di-, tri-, tetra-, and hepta-BDEs for the three species of fish. Similarly, we found a significant correlation between mono- and tri-BDEs in the shellfish. Our results suggested that the processes of PBDE metabolism and elimination were similar in both fish and shellfish. In addition, the primary source of PBDEs appeared to be from the debromination of high brominated PBDEs.     

衣藻细胞的重金属结合特性及其抗性机制

衣藻(Chlamydomonas)是隶属于绿藻门团藻目衣藻属的单细胞真核藻类。因其独特的结构与功能特性,衣藻具有高效的重金属结合能力,同时也表现出很高重金属抗性。目前利用衣藻去除工业污水中有害重金属,以及开展生物冶金等方面的研究已成为热点。文章对衣藻细胞的重金属结合特性,及其耐受重金属胁迫的抗性机制进行了深入地探讨和总结。主要内容包括:衣藻吸附重金属的动力学特征、影响吸附效率的因素、固定化衣藻对重金属的吸附与解吸附,衣藻细胞内的重金属结合因子、重金属转运蛋白等。     

海洋围隔生态系中疏浚物倾倒对养殖贝类的生态效应研究

应用海上围隔实验技术现场模拟了疏浚物倾倒,并对倾倒引起的悬浮物浓度增加对海洋贝类的生态效应影响进行了研究.实验结果显示:倾倒引起的高悬浮物浓度易对贝类生物组织器官造成损害;贝类对疏浚物中溶出的重金属表现出较强的累积能力与一定的选择性,均优先累积Pb,且累积效应显著.海湾扇贝对Zn、Cu、Cd累积较明显,牡蛎对Cd累积较强,Cu、Zn有一定累积;菲律宾蛤仔对Zn、Cu、Cd均有一定累积.扇贝和蛤仔对Hg未呈现累积特征,而牡蛎对Hg有一定累积.倾倒所造成的悬浮物浓度增加直接加剧了贝类对重金属的累积.     

An evaluation of the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of selected metals occurring in a wetland area on the volcanic island of Guam, Western Pacific Ocean

This initial research examined the presence, distribution and bioavailability of Cu, Cr, Ni, Mn and Fe in a wetland area of southern Guam. The research sites are within an area covered with saporite, a soil type derived from volcanic deposits on the island. Leaf tissue of Pandanus tectorius was extracted and analysed to determine the bioaccumulation of the target metals. Metal accumulation at sites considered aerobic and anaerobic was investigated together with an attempt to correlate actual accumulation of the target metals in the plant tissue with a recognised bioavailability indicator, in this case, three step sequential extraction scheme. Manganese was found to be accumulated in relatively high concentrations and to a lesser extent Cu was also accumulated. Chromium, Ni and Fe however exhibited very low accumulation factors. Accumulation of Mn in particular was significantly a ected by aerobic conditions whereas the converse e ect was experienced by Cu. Significant correlation between various steps of a Sequential Extraction Scheme and actual accumulation was not achieved although the degree of aerobic conditions at each site and soil pH did a ect concentrations of metals extracted by di ering steps of SES. Results obtained suggest that further research in the area should be undertaken using di erent plant species and tissues.     

2种基因型菜心根系解剖结构差异及其对DEHP吸收累积的影响

在前期筛选出油青60 d菜心和特青60 d菜心分别为PAEs高/低吸收累积基因型菜心的基础上,对其进行邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)不同污染水平(20 mg.L-1、50 mg.L-1)的溶液培养试验,对比研究2种基因型菜心根系解剖结构的差异性,初步探讨其与菜心吸收累积DEHP的关系.结果表明,油青60 d菜心和特青60 d菜心的根系解剖结构及其对DEHP污染处理下的响应均存在显著差异.油青60 d菜心根系和茎叶中DEHP含量均主要受主根形成层外围厚度和须根中柱直径控制,决定系数分别为0.900和0.809.特青60 d菜心根系中DEHP含量主要受主根形成层外围厚度和须根皮层厚度控制,决定系数为0.757;茎叶中DEHP含量主要受主根形成层外围厚度控制,决定系数为0.856.油青60 d菜心根系木射线细胞形状以排列规则的长方形为主,主根木栓层厚度和须根皮层厚度较小,须根中柱直径、导管数和导管直径较大,表明油青60 d菜心根系比特青60 d菜心更有利于对DEHP的吸收累积.     

广东电子垃圾污染区水体底层鱼类对PCBs的富集效应

采用GC/MS分析方法测试了广东电子垃圾回收地水体沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)含量,并利用以前测定的底栖性鱼类(鲮鱼、鲫鱼和乌鳢)PCBs含量数据,计算了生物/沉积物富集因子(BSAF)和生物放大因子(BMF),研究底栖性鱼类对PCBs的富集能力及其影响因素.研究表明,沉积物中总PCBs含量达到24.5~38.6μg/g干重,证实当地环境已受到PCBs严重污染.鲮鱼、鲫鱼和乌鳢的BSAF范围分别为0.05~2.52、0.01~1.20和0.01~5.03.根据乌鳢/鲮鱼和乌鳢/鲫鱼食物关系计算的BMF范围分别为0.14~2.23和0.14~4.93, 其中大部分PCB同系物的BMF>1,表明乌鳢对PCBs具有生物放大作用.BSAF及BMF均与PCBs的KOW和氯原子取代数具有显著相关性,说明化合物的理化性质是控制其生物富集的主要因素.     

Effects of stable aqueous fullerene nanocrystal （nC60） on Daphnia magna： Evaluation of hop frequency and accumulations under different conditions

We investigated the e ects of environmental factors and properties of water-stable crystal fullerene (nC60) on the uptake of nC60 by Daphnia magna based on known accumulation in our laboratory. This study was performed for seven days using di erent environmental factors including temperature, pH, water hardness, concentration (density of particle), and particle size. Results demonstrated that body burden of C60 increased with time in all experiments. Body burden of C60 increased with increasing concentration and particle size, and uptake of particles >100 nm reached their maximums more quickly than those <100 nm. Under high hardness in aqueous systems with lower pH and high temperature, uptake was higher than those under opposite conditions. Uptake in all batch tests reached balance within five days. Both nC60 properties and environmental factors influenced uptake of nC60 by D. magna in an aqueous system. Additionally, environmental factors may have a ected accumulation by changing nC60 properties, which are critical to understand the accumulation of fullerenes in aqueous systems.     

Heavy metal distribution of natural and reclaimed tidal riparian wetlands in south estuary, China

The characteristics of heavy metals in water, soils and plants of NRWs are significantly different from those in the RTRWs which are strongly affected by human activities.