非多溴联苯醚(PBDE)类卤系阻燃剂的生物富集特征

近年来,六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)、四溴双酚A(TBBPA)、双(六氯环戊二烯)环辛烷(DP)、十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)、l,2-双(三溴苯氧基)乙烷(BTBPE)、五溴甲苯(PBT)、2,3,4,5,6-五溴乙苯(PBEB)和六溴苯(HBB)等非PBDE类卤系阻燃剂(HFRs)在生物体内的富集及其生态风险已引起人们...     

白洋淀优势鱼类中喹诺酮类抗生素的生物累积特征及其与环境因子相关性

喹诺酮类抗生素（quinolone antibiotics,QNs）易富集于水生生物中,近年来在我国湖泊中广泛检出,且其生物富集系数和营养传递行为具有明显的时空异质性.本研究选取白洋淀9种优势鱼类为研究对象,分析14种QNs的生物累积特征及其与环境因子的相关性,评估了QNs健康风险.结果表明,白洋淀水体中∑QNs质量浓度范围为0.7400~1590 ng·L^-1,其中氟甲喹（flumequine,FLU）、喹酸（oxolinic acid,OXO）和氧氟沙星（ofloxacin,OFL）检出率较高,FLU平均质量浓度最高;鱼类体内∑QNs含量范围为17.1~146 ng·g^-1,其中环丙沙星（ciprofloxacin,CIP）和FLU平均含量较高.生物累积系数（bioaccumulation factors,BAF）范围（L·kg^-1）为96.2（BAF_MAR）~489（BAF_CIP）,表明QNs在鱼类中的生物累积能力较低.5种检出率较高的QNs［恩诺沙星（enrofloxacin,ENR）、FLU、马波沙星（marbofloxacin,MAR）、诺氟沙星（norfloxacin,NOR）和OFL］的营养放大因子（trophic magnification factors,TMF）范围为0.714（TMF_MAR）~1.33（TMF_ENR）,其中ENR呈营养放大,FLU、MAR和QNs呈营养稀释.理化参数与BAF和TMF相关性分析结果表明,pH、T、SD、DO、COD、TP、TN、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和PO₄^3--P与BAF和TMF相关性较为显著.健康风险评估结果表明,CIP的危害系数（hazard quotient,HQ,0.0040~0.026）显著高于其它QNs（≤0.0050）,危害指数（hazard index,HI）范围为0.0010~0.035,具有高健康风险.因此,应制定更为严格的抗生素排放标准,减少湖泊外源有机质和营养物质输入,以减少污染物在鱼类体内的生物累积,降低抗生素污染水平和健康风险.     

喀斯特山区燃煤电厂土壤重金属污染评价

选取地处贵州省喀斯特山区的金沙电厂为研究对象,对电厂周围的表层土壤、蔬菜(莲花白)试样的重金属含量进行了测定,采用模糊数学法对土壤重金属污染进行了评价,采用富集系数法分析了莲花白对重金属的富集能力。实验结果表明:电厂周围表层土壤中Hg,As,Cd,Pb,Cu的平均含量分别达0.70,26.40,0.61,44.83,35.51 mg/kg,其中,Hg和Cd的平均含量分别为GB 15618—1995《土壤环境质量标准》中二级标准的1.40和2.03倍;电厂周围土壤受到较为严重的Hg,As,Cd污染,各个方向的重金属污染程度大小顺序为西北西东南西南东北东,总体趋势为西向大于东向;莲花白对土壤中Cd的富集作用较强,对其他重金属的富集作用较弱。     

Interaction between co‐solvents and algae in the residue dynamics of fenitrothion

Abstract

Fresh and estuarine water algae maintained in laboratory microcosms simulating river‐lake/estuary‐bay systems were exposed to ¹⁴C‐fenitrothion formulated with Atlox and tank mixed with Aerotex or Dowanol (11.5:1.5:1.5 w/v/v). Generally, the tank mix co‐solvents determined the amount of uptake and the array of derivatives formed by the algae. Typically, exposed to an Aerotex mix the ratio of ethyl acetate extractable (NP) fraction : ethyl acetate unextractable (P) fraction was as 3.5:1.0, exposed to a Dowanol mix the ratio was as 1.5:1.0. Within any comparable time period, fresh water algae turned over more of the C‐ring of fenitrothion than the estuarine genera. Turn‐over was enhanced when Aerotex was the tank mix co‐solvent.     

生物质碳对土壤中微囊藻毒素生物有效性的影响

通过向土壤中添加水稻秸秆生物质碳（RSB）、玉米秸秆生物质碳（MSB）和鸡粪生物炭（CMB）来减少微囊藻毒素-LR（MC-LR）在生菜中的富集.结果表明,RSB、MSB和CMB在添加量为2%时,生菜叶片中MC-LR含量较空白分别降低了58.0%、49.5%和70.4%,使得每日估计摄入量降低到WHO的每日允许摄入量限值以下.CMB显著降低了土壤中MC-LR的总含量,而其他处理则无显著影响.3种生物质碳均显著降低了有效态MC-LR含量,且生菜根系和叶片中MC-LR的含量与土壤MC-LR有效态含量均呈显著正相关关系.所有添加生物质碳处理均对生菜生长无负面影响.     

Bioaccumulation of PAHs in the Zebra Mussel at Times Beach, Buffalo, New York

The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, was utilized in an in situ study in the Times Beach Confined Disposal Facility (CDF) located in Buffalo, New York, Mussels, placed both in the water column (upper position) and at the sediment surface (lower position), survived a 34-day exposure to the CDF. At the CDF, total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in the water column were below detection limits (<0.010 mg 1-1), mean total PAH concentrations in the sediment were 164.41 mg kg-1, and mean total PAH concentrations in mussel tissues after the 34-day exposure were 6.58 mg kg-1. PAH concentrations in mussels exposed for 34 days at the CDP were compared to a baseline PAH concentrations in mussel tissue prior to study initiation (Day 0), and mussel tissue from the reference site (Black Rock Channel Lock). There was a significant increase in total PAHs in mussel tissues over the 34 Day period at the CDF. No significant accumulation occurred at the reference site. PAHs which increased significantly in mussel tissue at the CDF were fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, and benzo(a)anthracene. Benzo(a)anthracene concentrations increased significantly in mussels at the upper position overall at Times Beach. Concentrations of Total PAHs, fluoranthene, pyrene, and chrysene were not related to position.     

Metal Contamination in Zebra Mussels (Dreissena Polymorpha) Along the st. Lawrence River

In order to evaluate the use of zebra mussels as biomonitors for metal bioavailability in the St. Lawrence River, we tested the hypothesis that the concentrations of 11 metals in zebra mussels vary significantly between sites along the river and that the season of collection and body size affect metal bioaccumulation. Mussels were collected at 14 sites during June 1996 and at monthly intervals at one site. Specimens were grouped in three size classes and their soft tissue was analyzed for As, Ca, Cd, Cr, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. Significant size effects were found for Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn. Spatial and seasonal variations in bioconcentration were significant for all metals. Spatial patterns in contamination that corresponded to known point sources of pollution or hydrology of the river were identified by principal component analysis. Seasonal variations can be attributed to the reproductive cycle of mussels and hydrological variability of the river. In comparison with values reported for zebra mussels in other contaminated sites in North America and Europe, levels of metal in the St. Lawrence River are low or intermediate. Our results show that when controlled for size and seasonal effects, zebra mussels represent a useful biomonitor for metal availability in the river and may offer an interesting alternative to native mussels and fish for such a role. Local contamination by some toxic metals is still a cause for concern in the St. Lawrence River.     

Response of Mercury Contamination in Fish to Decreased Aqueous Concentrations and Loading of Inorganic Mercury in a Small Stream

Approximately 250 000 kg of mercury was lost towater and soils at the U.S. Dept. of Energy Y-12 Plantin Oak Ridge, Tennessee in the 1950s and early 1960s. A creek originating within the plant receivedcontinuous inputs of waterborne mercury, predominantlyas dissolved inorganic mercury, from groundwater,streambed contamination, and sump and process waterdischarges to the contaminated storm sewer network.These produce aqueous total mercury concentrations of1–2 g L^-1 in the upper reaches of the stream,decreasing to about 0.1–0.2 g L^-1 in its lowerreaches. A program to reduce mercury concentrationsin the creek identified specific sources (buildingsumps, contaminated springwater seeps, foundationdrains, and contaminated piping) and rerouted wateraround contaminated portions of the drain system orcollected and treated mercury-contaminated waterbefore discharging it. As a result, waterbornemercury concentrations in the creek and total mercuryloading were reduced from 1.8 g L^-1 to0.6 g L^-1 and 100 to 20 g d^-1, respectively, in the last 5 yr.Mean mercury concentrations in fish nearest sourceareas in the creek headwaters decreased at roughly thesame rate as waterborne total mercury concentrationsover the past five years, but at the facility boundarydownstream the decline in mercury bioaccumulation wasmuch less. At sites 5–15 km farther downstream, nodecrease was evident. Dissolved methylmercury tendedto increase with distance downstream in a patterninverse to that noted for its dissolved inorganicmercury precursor.Improvements in water quality and modification ofweirs to allow the passage of fish have resulted inthe establishment of large populations of fish inmercury-contaminated headwater areas previously devoidof fish. It may be that the accumulation, retention,and eventual downstream transport of this reservoir ofbiologically incorporated methylmercury has acted tobuffer against expected reductions in mercury in fishat downstream sites.     

生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展

有机氯农药是高残留农药，进入生物体后会长期残留，对生物体产生危害。近年来，生物体中的有机氯农药的研究越来越引起各国环境化学家、生态学家的重视，渐渐成为环境化学、生态毒理学研究的热点之一。本文总结了近年来国际上有关生物体内有机氯农药的研究进展情况，以及所取得的主要研究成果。     

闽江河口芦苇与短叶茳芏空间扩展对湿地植物钒生物富集的影响

选择闽江河口鳝鱼滩芦苇与短叶茳芏空间扩展前的芦苇湿地、短叶茳芏湿地以及二者空间扩展过程中的交错带湿地为研究对象，探讨了空间扩展过程中不同湿地植被的钒（V）生物富集特征及其主要影响因素.结果表明，空间扩展影响下不同湿地土壤的V含量在0~40 cm土层均表现为芦苇湿地 > 交错带湿地 > 短叶茳芏湿地；芦苇湿地和交错带湿地土壤的V含量垂直变化特征较为一致，并均于40~50 cm土层出现较高值.芦苇与短叶茳芏的空间扩展整体增加了交错带湿地土壤的V含量，其均值相比短叶茳芏湿地增加了8.69%，而相比芦苇湿地仅增加0.21%.空间扩展主要通过改变湿地土壤的颗粒组成、EC以及植物的生物量、株高和密度来影响土壤的V含量分布.芦苇与短叶茳芏的V生物富集特征呈相反变化，这与二者竞争过程中植被生态特征改变以及其对V的竞争利用方式有关.此外，不同湿地植被均以根的V富集能力最强，且交错带短叶茳芏的V生物富集能力要高于交错带芦苇，这与二者在竞争生境中对V的吸收利用与转运的差异有关，交错带短叶茳芏可用于未来受V污染湿地修复的备选物种.研究发现，芦苇与短叶茳芏为应对空间扩展过程中的竞争可能采取不同的V富集策略，前者通过将富集到根中的V优先转运至光合器官（叶）的方式来保持相对竞争优势，而后者通过将富集到根中的V大量转移到地上主体（茎）的方式来抗衡来自芦苇的竞争.