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991.
The invasion of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) has resulted in enormous ecological and economic consequences worldwide. Although the spread of this weed in Africa, Australia,
and North America has been well documented, its invasion in China is yet to be fully documented. Here we report that since
its introduction about seven decades ago, water hyacinth has infested many water bodies across almost half of China’s territory,
causing a decline of native biodiversity, alteration of ecosystem services, deterioration of aquatic environments, and spread
of diseases affecting human health. Water hyacinth infestations have also led to enormous economic losses in China by impeding
water flows, paralyzing navigation, and damaging irrigation and hydroelectricity facilities. To effectively control the rampage
of water hyacinth in China, we propose a sustainability science-based management framework that explicitly incorporates principles
from landscape ecology and Integrated Pest Management. This framework emphasizes multiple-scale long-term monitoring and research,
integration among different control techniques, combination of control with utilization, and landscape-level adaptive management.
Sustainability science represents a new, transdisciplinary paradigm that integrates scientific research, technological innovation,
and socioeconomic development of particular regions. Our proposed management framework is aimed to broaden the currently dominant
biological control-centered view in China and to illustrate how sustainability science can be used to guide the research and
management of water hyacinth. 相似文献
992.
Copper is the biocide of choice for present-day antifouling (AF) paints. It is also a major source of copper loading in to
the marine environment and, as such, might cause local copper levels to exceed water quality criteria. The present study is
multifaceted and looks into the overall impact of copper-based AF paints on copper concentrations along a 64-km stretch of
the Indian River Lagoon and at Port Canaveral, Florida. This preliminary study is one of the first to outline issues and present
background evidence on the current status of copper and copper-based AF usage in Florida and to address the need for management.
Previous measurements of copper levels in these waters show a history of copper contamination close to marinas, boatyards,
and at Port Canaveral that often exceed state and federal water quality standards. Further, we estimate that the total annual
copper input into the Indian River Lagoon is between 1.7 tons/year (sailboats) and 2.1 tons/year (powerboats) from boats in
14 marinas. We estimate the copper input into Port Canaveral to be about 1.4 tons/year from seven cruise ships. A brief survey
of marina operators and boat owners revealed attitudes and practices associated with AF paint usage that ranged from excellent
to inferior. Management recommendations are made for a proactive approach to improving AF paint selection and application,
assessing the environmental status of copper, and redefining existing management practices for sustainable AF paint usage
and environmental health. 相似文献
993.
This Φ Ψ study of environmental equity uses secondary quantitative data to analyze socioeconomic disparities in environmental
conditions in the Rijnmond region of the Netherlands. The disparities of selected environmental indicators—exposure to traffic
noise (road, rail, and air), NO2, external safety risks, and the availability of public green space—are analyzed both separately and in combination. Not only
exposures to environmental burdens (“bads”) were investigated, but also access to environmental benefits (“goods”). Additionally,
we held interviews and reviewed documents to grasp the mechanisms underlying the environmental equity situation, with an emphasis
on the role of public policy. Environmental equity is not a priority in public policy for the greater Rotterdam region known
as the Rijnmond region, yet environmental standards have been established to provide a minimum environmental quality to all
local residents. In general, environmental quality has improved in this region, and the accumulation of negative environmental
outcomes (“bads”) has been limited. However, environmental standards for road traffic noise and NO2 are being exceeded, probably because of the pressure on space and the traffic intensity. We found an association of environmental
“bads” with income for rail traffic noise and availability of public green space. In the absence of regulation, positive environmental
outcomes (“goods”) are mainly left up to market forces. Consequently, higher-income groups generally have more access to environmental
“goods” than lower-income groups. 相似文献
994.
Environmental risk perception, environmental concern and propensity to participate in organic farming programmes 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
This paper aims to identify the factors underlying farmers' propensity to participate in organic farming programmes in a Romanian rural region that confronts non-point source pollution. For this, we employ structural equation modelling with latent variables using a specific data set collected through an agri-environmental farm survey in 2001. The model includes one 'behavioural intention' latent variable ('propensity to participate in organic farming programmes') and five 'attitude' and 'socio-economic' latent variables ('socio-demographic characteristics', 'economic characteristics', 'agri-environmental information access', 'environmental risk perception' and 'general environmental concern'). The results indicate that, overall, the model has an adequate fit to the data. All loadings are statistically significant, supporting the theoretical basis for assignment of indicators for each latent variable. The significance tests for the structural model parameters show 'environmental risk perception' as the strongest determinant of farmers' propensity to participate in organic farming programmes. 相似文献
995.
Bergquist DA 《Environmental management》2007,40(5):787-802
This article discusses environmental sustainability in aquaculture and its contribution to poverty alleviation, based on field
studies in Sri Lanka and the Philippines. The aquaculture practices studied are the monoculture of the black tiger prawn (Penneaus monodon) and milkfish (Chanos chanos) and the polyculture of the two species together with the mud crab (Scylla serrata). Factors affecting economic viability, social equity and environmental impacts in aquaculture are discussed and used to
illuminate local and regional differences between aquaculture in Sri Lanka and the Philippines. Findings indicate that the
most significant difference is the level of participation by local people (i.e., people originating ≤10 km away from the farm
location). In the Philippines, 84 % of the people involved in aquaculture are locals, whereas in Sri Lanka, 55% are outsiders.
Whether differences between the two areas can be explained by analyzing regional conditions, which might have resulted in
different aquaculture practices, is discussed. In Sri Lanka, semi-intensive shrimp monoculture is currently the most common
practice, whereas in the Philippines, extensive shrimp/fish polyculture is more common. Previous studies, as well as fieldwork,
indicate that extensive culture practices reduce environmental impacts and benefit local people more. Sustainability in aquaculture
is, however, also dependent on the extent of mangrove conversion into ponds. As such, extensive and locally owned farms do
not necessarily result in an all but sustainable situation. Keeping this in mind, it is discussed if extensive polyculture
practices might result in a more sustainable aquaculture, both environmentally and socioeconomically. 相似文献
996.
Reed MG 《Environmental management》2007,39(1):30-49
Advocates of community-based approaches to environmental management argue that by respecting local circumstances, skills,
and concerns we may improve the prospects of achieving environmental sustainability; yet, within nation states such as Canada,
environmental conditions, management and enforcement costs and capabilities, and power differentials within and among civic
and public sectors may result in a highly differentiated capacity for environmental management across different localities
and regions. This article draws on insights of political ecology to 1) create a conceptual framework that identifies key elements
shaping regional environmental management regimes and to 2) undertake a comparative analysis to assess how elements interact
to generate uneven management outcomes. I compare experiences of two Canadian biosphere reserves designated in 2000: Clayoquot
Sound, BC; and Redberry Lake, SK. Analysis reveals that differences in governance and institutional capacities in the biosphere
reserves are key to explaining uneven local outcomes. Where the public and civic sectors are strong, a robust and publicly
vetted form of management will emerge. Where these sectors are weak and land is held as private property, environmental nongovernmental
organizations can set the type and level of management, to the exclusion of effective civic and state involvement. This result
may improve environmental sustainability but hinder social sustainability of a management regime and raises questions about
the efficacy of community-based management. 相似文献
997.
Environmental dredging is a primary remedial option for removal of the contaminated material from aquatic environment. Of
primary concern in environmental dredging is the effectiveness of the intended sediment removal. A 5-year field monitoring
study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of the environmental dredging in South Lake, China. The concentrations of
total nitrogen (TN), total phosphors, and heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Hg, and As) before and after dredging in sediment
were determined and compared. Multiple ecological risk indices were employed to assess the contamination of heavy metals before
and after dredging. Our results showed that the total phosphorus levels reduced 42% after dredging. Similar changes for Hg,
Zn, As Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, and Ni were observed, with reduction percentages of 97.0, 93.1, 82.6, 63.9, 52.7, 50.1, 32.0, and 23.6,
respectively, and the quality of sediment improved based on the criterion of Sediment Quality Guidelines by USEPA and contamination
degree values (Cd) decreased significantly (paired t-test, p < 0.05). Unexpectedly, the TN increased 49% after dredging compared to before dredging. Findings from the study demonstrated
that the environmental dredging was an effective mechanism for removal of total phosphorus and heavy metals from South Lake.
Nevertheless, the dredging was ineffective to remove total nitrogen from sediment. We conclude that the reason for the observed
increase in TN after dredging was likely ammonia release from the sediment impairing the dredging effectiveness. 相似文献
998.
Predicting Opportunities for Greening and Patterns of Vegetation on Private Urban Lands 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Troy AR Grove JM O'Neil-Dunne JP Pickett ST Cadenasso ML 《Environmental management》2007,40(3):394-412
This paper examines predictors of vegetative cover on private lands in Baltimore, Maryland. Using high-resolution spatial
data, we generated two measures: “possible stewardship,” which is the proportion of private land that does not have built
structures on it and hence has the possibility of supporting vegetation, and “realized stewardship,” which is the proportion
of possible stewardship land upon which vegetation is growing. These measures were calculated at the parcel level and averaged
by US Census block group. Realized stewardship was further defined by proportion of tree canopy and grass. Expenditures on
yard supplies and services, available by block group, were used to help understand where vegetation condition appears to be
the result of current activity, past legacies, or abandonment. PRIZM™ market segmentation data were tested as categorical
predictors of possible and realized stewardship and yard expenditures. PRIZM™ segmentations are hierarchically clustered into
5, 15, and 62 categories, which correspond to population density, social stratification (income and education), and lifestyle
clusters, respectively. We found that PRIZM 15 best predicted variation in possible stewardship and PRIZM 62 best predicted
variation in realized stewardship. These results were further analyzed by regressing each dependent variable against a set
of continuous variables reflective of each of the three PRIZM groupings. Housing age, vacancy, and population density were
found to be critical determinants of both stewardship metrics. A number of lifestyle factors, such as average family size,
marriage rates, and percentage of single-family detached homes, were strongly related to realized stewardship. The percentage
of African Americans by block group was positively related to realized stewardship but negatively related to yard expenditures. 相似文献
999.
Although the importance of understanding stakeholder beliefs regarding environmental policy has been noted by many authors,
research focusing on the heterogeneity of stakeholder views is still very scarce and concentrated on a product-oriented definition
of stakeholders. The aim of the present study is to address this gap by examining environmental policy beliefs of stakeholder
groups engaged in protected area management. Questionnaires containing 73 five-point Likert scale items were administered
to eight different stakeholder groups involved in the management of Greek protected areas. Items referred to core beliefs
on environmental policy, namely, the value framework and sustainable development, and secondary beliefs, that is, beliefs
on social consensus and ecotourism development. Our study used as a starting point respondent recruitment on the basis of
a traditional product-centered approach. We investigated whether environmental policy beliefs can be used to effectively segregate
stakeholders in well-defined segments, which override the product-oriented definition of stakeholders. Indeed, K-means clustering
revealed an innovation-introduction and an implementation-charged sample segment. The instrument utilized in this research
proved quite reliable and valid in measuring stakeholder environmental policy beliefs. Furthermore, the methodology implied
that stakeholder groups differ in a significant number of belief-system elements. On the other hand, stakeholder groups were
effectively distinguished on a small set of both core and secondary beliefs. Therefore, the instrument used can be an effective
tool for determining and monitoring environmental policy beliefs of stakeholders in protected area management. This is of
considerable importance in the Greek case, given the recent establishment of 27 administrative bodies of protected areas,
all of which are required to incorporate public consultation into management practices. 相似文献
1000.
Many problems and challenges of ecosystem management currently are driven by the rapid pace and spatial extent of landscape
change. Parks and reserves within areas of high human population density are especially challenged to meet the recreational
needs of local populations and to preserve valued environmental resources. The complex problem of managing multiple objectives
and multiple resources requires an enormous quantity of information, and conceptual models have been proposed as tools for
organizing and interpreting this information. Academics generally prefer a bottom-up approach to model construction that emphasizes
ecologic theory and process, whereas managers often use a top-down approach that takes advantage of existing information to
address more pragmatic objectives. The authors propose a formal process for developing, applying, and testing conceptual models
to be used in landscape monitoring that reconciles these seemingly opposing perspectives. The four-step process embraces the
role of hypothesis testing in the development of models and evaluation of their utility. An example application of the process
to a network of national parks in and around Washington, DC illustrates the ability of the approach to systematically identify
monitoring data that would both advance ecologic theory and inform management decisions. 相似文献