活性污泥羟氨氧化还原酶粗酶提取及活性测定方法的优化研究

污水生物脱氮过程中N_2O的产生与活性污泥中细菌的羟氨氧化还原酶(Hydroxylamine oxidoreductase,HAO)活性有着密切关系.但目前活性污泥中细菌的HAO提取和活性测定方法尚未建立.本文首先探索了在25℃、酶活性反应液电子受体供体配比1∶1和终止剂选用2 mol·L~(-1)HCl条件下超声或高压破碎细胞法对HAO粗酶活性的影响,结果表明高压破碎比超声破碎获取的粗酶活性高(p0.01).在此基础上,我们进一步优化了高压破碎下压力大小、破碎次数和裂解液用量的参数.粗酶提取液中DNA含量、酶活力及酶比活力结果进行多因素方差分析表明压力大小(50、110或160 MPa)、破碎次数(1、2或3次)和裂解液用量(2、5或10 m L)均对脱氮活性污泥破碎效果、酶活性和比活力有显著影响(p0.01);综合DNA含量、酶活力及酶比活力结果看,110 MPa压力条件下,加5 m L裂解液破碎2次更适合污水生物处理中HAO的提取和活性测定,既节省时间,又能较好的保持酶活性.     

Photocatalytic decomposition of acrylonitrile with N–F codoped TiO2/SiO2 under simulant solar light irradiation

The solid acid catalyst, N–F codoped TiO₂/SiO₂ composite oxide was prepared by a sol–gel method using NH₄F as nitrogen and fluorine source. The prepared materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–Visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis), ammonia adsorption and temperature-programmed desorption (NH₃-TPD), in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and N₂ physical adsorption isotherm. The photocatalytic activity of the catalyst for acrylonitrile degradation was investigated under simulant solar irradiation. The results showed that strong Lewis and Brønsted acid sites appear on the surface of the sample after N–F doping. Systematic investigation showed that the highest photocatalytic activity for acrylonitrile degradation was obtained for samples calcined at 450°C with molar ratio (NH₄F to Ti) of 0.8. The degradation ratio of 71.5% was achieved with the prepared catalyst after 6-min irradiation, demonstrating the effectiveness of photocatalytic degradation of acrylonitrile with N–F codoped TiO₂/SiO₂ composite oxide. The photocatalyst is promising for application under solar light irradiation. Moreover, the intermediates generated after irradiation were verified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and UV–Vis spectroscopy to be simple organic acids with lower toxicity, and the degradation pathway was also proposed for acrylonitrile degradation with the prepared catalyst.     

Zn(Ⅱ)对生物质碳源处理酸性矿山排水中厌氧微生物活性影响

通过厌氧批实验的方法,探讨了在硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)法处理模拟酸性矿山排水(AMD)的过程中,以油菜秸秆为碳源时,Zn2+浓度对SRB活性的影响.结果表明,在60 d实验中,以油菜秸秆为碳源时,当Zn2+初始浓度在73.7～196.8 mg.L-1范围时,SRB具有良好活性,实验结束时,pH从初始的5.0上升至中性范围,硫酸根还原率达到96%以上,同时Zn2+浓度降至0.05 mg.L-1以下.Tessier固体形态分类、场发射扫描电镜(FE-SEM)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析发现,Zn以有机物及硫化物的形态被固定,其中硫化物主要为闪锌矿(ZnS).当Zn2+初始浓度为262.97 mg.L-1时,SRB的活性受到强烈的抑制,实验结束时,pH从初始的5.0降至4.0左右,硫酸根还原率只有27%,Zn2+维持在较高浓度范围(25 mg.L-1).油菜秸秆可以作为SRB法长期处理AMD的缓释碳源,能为微生物生长繁殖提供物质和能量;秸秆的吸附性可降低Zn2+的生物毒性,使得SRB可以适应高浓度的Zn2+;SRB可以通过形成硫化物矿物的形式固定元素Zn.     

Cu在黑土中形态特性分析及施用有机肥的影响

通过小麦盆栽试验研究了黑土中Cu的分布特征、动态变化及有机肥施用的影响.结果表明,无论外源Cu添加量高或低,土壤中Cu的形态均主要以可氧化态为主,所占比例为40.4%～65.0%.随着外源Cu添加量的增加,弱酸溶解态Cu所占比例稍有增加,可还原态Cu含量及其所占比例均显著增加,残渣态Cu所占比例显著降低,可见外源Cu添加量的增加能提高土壤中Cu的生物有效性.与2009年相比,黑土中弱酸溶解态Cu的分配比例在2010年迅速下降,而残渣态Cu的比例显著上升,表明随着时间的变化Cu的稳定化作用不断加强,生物有效性降低.1%有机肥施用明显降低了Cu的移动性,弱酸溶解态Cu的下降幅度和残渣态Cu的上升幅度都明显增大.低剂量Cu(<200mg·kg-1)可促进小麦的生长,使其生物量增加,但高剂量Cu(高于600mg·kg-1)对小麦有显著的毒害作用.且当Cu添加量很高时,小麦对Cu的吸收量在2010年高于2009年,表明Cu在黑土中的短期稳定作用对Cu的生物有效性和作物吸收并未产生显著影响.     

土地利用类型及其社会经济特征对河流水质的影响

流域尺度上土地利用类型与水体水质之间存在相关关系,这种相关关系同时会受到各种社会经济活动的影响.在自然或半自然区域内,土地利用类型与水质的相关关系比较显著.然而,在城市区域内社会经济活动将会影响土地利用类型与水质的相关关系.为证实这一现象的存在,选取京津地区11个小流域为研究对象,分别从小流域综合分析和小流域聚类分析2个角度,分析土地利用类型及其社会经济特征与河流水质的关系,并以温榆河小流域情景分析进一步探讨社会经济因素对土地利用类型与河流水质关系的影响,结果显示,聚类分析中,半自然区域中小流域的TN、TP、NH4+-N均与土地利用类型相关,而城市区域中小流域的TN、TP、NH4+-N均与社会经济因素相关,社会经济因素的差异改变甚至削弱了土地利用类型与河流水质的相关性,验证了假设现象的存在.因此,在跨域城乡梯度的区域尺度研究水体水质及其影响因素的相关性时,需要综合考虑土地利用类型及其社会经济特征.     

Insights into the changes of amino acids,microbial community,and enzymatic activities related with the nutrient quality of product during the composting of food waste

● The highest seed germination index was achieved at 0.3 g/g total solids of food waste. ● Proline was identified as the key amino acid related with the composting process. ● Amino acid metabolism sequences predominated during the whole composting process. This study systematically investigated the changes of amino acids as the composting process of food waste proceeded. It is found that the addition of 0.3 g/g total solids of food waste achieved the highest seed germination index of the product (268 %). The microbial community results indicated that the abundance of amino acid metabolism sequences remained at high levels during the whole composting process. Proline was identified as the key amino acid related with the nutrient quality of product during the composting of food waste. Further plant germination and hydroponic experiments found, that compared with those without the addition of proline, the addition of 50 mg/L proline increased seed germination rate by 20 %, increased shoot length by 3 %, increased root biomass of seedlings by 82 %, and increased leaf biomass of seedlings by 76 %, respectively. Firmicutes, γ-Pseudomonadota, Chloroflexi and Planctomycetes were the key identified bacteria related with the increase of proline during the composting of food waste. Meanwhile, the enzymatic tests of the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and malondialdehyde indicated that proline did not cause oxidative damage on the growth of plants. This study provided novel insights into the changes of amino acids, microbial community, and enzymatic activities related with the nutrient quality of product during the composting of food waste.     

复合垂直流人工湿地中基质生物膜的特性

从基质生物膜量、生物膜厚度和脱氢酶活性等方面研究了以复合垂直流人工湿地中基质颗粒作为附着生长载体的生物膜的特性。结果表明,复合垂直流人工湿地中,基质生物膜的形成时间为40~60 d。进水水质不同,基质生物膜的形成时间有差异,进水中相对高的营养水平有利于基质生物膜的积累,60 d内形成的稳定生物膜量相差1.59倍;生物膜活性也较大,平均相差1.5倍。不同发育程度的生物膜表现出的活性不同,最佳活性厚度为150 um。人工湿地中不同层次基质生物膜厚度差异显著,最表层0~5 cm层次基质生物膜厚度2~3倍于10 cm以下层次,为最佳活性厚度的3~4倍,其生物膜的过量积累不仅不利于处理效率的提高,且易造成人工湿地的堵塞。     

高硒高镉联合作用对大鼠谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性的影响

用人工合成饲料控制硒、镉含量饲养SD大鼠12周,观察高剂量硒(5.5mg/kg)和高剂量镉(20.4mg/kg)联合作用对大鼠血液、心、肝、肾、肺、脑和脾中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-px)活性的影响。实验结果表明,经口同时摄入高硒高镉,大鼠血液GSH-px活性显著增加,对单独摄入高硒或高镉所致血液GSH-px活性下降有明显拮抗,对组织GSH-px活性的影响则因脏器而异,在肝、肾和肺,主要表现为对硒单独染毒所致GSH-px活性下降有拮抗作用;脾脏表现为对硒或镉单独染毒所致GSH-px活性下降有拮抗作用,脑组织表现为硒镉共存使GSH-px活性显著下降。     

戊二醛对紫色非硫光合细菌脱氢酶活力的影响

探讨微生物细胞对戊二醛毒性的耐受能力及应用条件的适宜范围,可为废水处理中固定化细胞的应用提供实验基础和理论依据。以紫色非硫光合细菌（PSB）为例,直接用戊二醛作用于细胞,在不同pH值、温度、戊二醛浓度、反应时间等条件下研究戊二醛对PSB脱氢酶活力的影响。结果表明：戊二醛对PSB脱氢酶活力影响的主要限制因素为戊二醛浓度和反应时间。当戊二醛浓度为0.5～1.0％,反应时间为1～2h时,PSB脱氢酶活力回收可达83％以上;PSB细胞经戊二醛处理后,热稳定性增强,pH稳定性无明显变化;并比较出热带假丝酵母菌和PSB对戊二醛的毒性耐受能力大于大肠埃希氏杆菌和芽孢杆菌yol。     

Circannual variations of lizard circadian activity rhythms in constant darkness

The daily pattern of locomotor activity of Podarcis sicula in the field changes from unimodal in spring to bimodal in summer, becoming unimodal again in autumn. Short-term experiments in which P. sicula collected in different months were tested under constant conditions immediately after capture showed that the activity pattern typical of each season is retained in the lizard circadian locomotor rhythm. In constant conditions, the bimodal pattern is associated with a short free-running period (τ) of the circadian locomotor rhythm and a long circadian activity (α), while the unimodal pattern is associated with a long τ and short α. To test whether seasonal changes in circadian locomotor rhythms are driven by a circannual clock, we recorded locomotor activity of lizards over 12–15 months in constant temperature and darkness. The present results demonstrate, for the first time in a vertebrate, the existence of circannual changes in constant darkness of both τ and α. In most lizards, the longest τ along its circannual cycle is associated with a short α, and the shortest τ in the same cycle with a long α, so that the pattern of mutual association between τ and α is the same as in short-term experiments. Most lizards, however, stayed unimodal all the time. This shows that changes in activity pattern from unimodal to bimodal (and vice versa) are induced by seasonal changes in environmental factors, instead of being incorporated into a circannual rhythm. Circannual changes in τ and α of locomotor rhythms may adaptively predispose the circadian system of P. sicula to a change in activity pattern as soon as seasonal changes in the environment demand it. Received: 22 January 1999 / Received in revised form: 14 April 1999 / Accepted: 19 April 1999