在线超声对膜-生物反应器活性污泥混合液性质的影响

采用在线超声控制膜-生物反应器的膜污染,通过测定活性污泥混合液絮体粒径、胞外多聚物含量、上清液有机物浓度、污泥浓度和黏度的变化,探讨了超声波对膜-生物反应器中活性污泥混合液性质的影响.结果表明:在线超声使污泥絮体破碎,其平均粒径与未施加超声波的系统相比降低约20μm左右;污泥胞外聚合物含量降低(28±5)mg·g-1左右,致使混合液上清液TOC增加;但同时超声波的施加可以降低污泥浓度和混合液黏度,使混合液膜过滤性得到改善,有助于膜污染的控制.     

湿式空气氧化法处理废碱液运行调试

针对湿式空气氧化法处理废碱液装置在试运转过程中存在的问题，通过理论分析和运行调试，提出并实施了改进工艺的措施，得到了一组适宜的工艺操作参数，使装置实现了正常运转。     

不同发酵方式对污泥厌氧发酵性能的影响及其发酵液利用

为了研究不同发酵方式对剩余污泥厌氧发酵性能影响及微生物对其发酵液的利用情况,将剩余污泥分别在Ca（OH）₂（pH=10±0.2）,Ca（OH）₂+NaCl（pH=10±0.2）,游离亚硝酸盐（FNA） （pH=5.5±0.2）,单过硫酸氢钾复合盐（PMS）,十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）及自然条件下进行发酵,发酵后期将发酵液用于生物脱氮研究,分别对发酵系统内的剩余污泥溶液化（SCOD）、溶解性蛋白质、溶解性多糖、可挥发性短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）和关键酶（水解酶和辅酶420）、NO₃^--N等指标进行分析.结果表明,6个发酵系统中,剩余污泥的水解酸化性能及发酵液利用具有显著的差别,其中Ca（OH）₂+NaCl 发酵系统中SCOD、SCFAs、水解酶、污泥减量效果等最佳,Ca（OH）₂发酵系统次之,自然条件发酵系统最弱.同时发现,FNA发酵系统中蛋白质和多糖含量较高,但是由于水解酶活性较低,F420活性最高,导致较低的SCFAs积累量.发酵液作为碳源进行生物脱氮试验研究表明,以Ca（OH）₂及Ca（OH）₂+NaCl发酵系统中的发酵液作为碳源具有良好的脱氮效果,与乙酸钠做为碳源效果相似,同时出现NO₂^--N积累现象,但是FNA, PMS, SDBS发酵系统的发酵液由于存在大量的消毒剂等化学物质导致生物利用性较差.     

超滤技术处理造纸废水的研究与应用

介绍了超滤技术及其优点,其在制浆废液、漂白废水、纸机白水的处理中的研究应用进展;分析了超滤技术处理造纸废水中的膜污染;指出了影响超滤技术处理造纸废水应用的因素,最后提出了今后的研究方向。     

造纸黑液木质素降解微生物的分离和降解特性研究

通过驯化和分离 ,从 119株微生物中筛选出了 6株能在以木质素为唯一碳源的培养基上生长的细菌 ,对它们进行了分类鉴定 ,它们分属于假单胞菌属、黄单胞杆菌属和枝动杆菌属。摇瓶降解实验结果表明 ,这 6株菌能不同程度的降解木质素 ,其中 2号菌经 12d的培养后 ,木质素去除率达到了 2 3 4 % ,具有良好的降解木质素潜力。     

用氟化钾水溶液从制药废液中回收异丙醇的工艺研究

采用普通精馏与加盐分相技术回收异丙醇。测定了异丙醇－水－氟化钾体系在恒温（40℃）时的液－液相平衡数据，并用Pitzer理论和Wilson方程对液－液相平衡数据进行了理论计算。结果表明：计算值与实验值符合良好；采用氟化钾水溶液回收异丙醇，当60.0%氟化钾浓溶液与50％异丙醇－50％水的物料的质量比为2.0时，有机相中异丙醇的纯度可达95.62%（质量百分数），水相中氟化钾稀溶液经蒸发回收后循环使用不影响分离性能。采用以上技术从制药废液中回收异丙醇，每年可获经济效益342万元。     

垃圾填埋场反渗透浓缩液回喷至附近垃圾焚烧厂焚烧研究

为解决垃圾渗滤液经两级碟管式反渗透装置(DTRO)的处理后形成的高浓度浓缩液难以处理的问题,实现垃圾渗滤液反渗透浓缩液的高效无害化处理,以山东省某垃圾填埋场经两级碟管式反渗透装置(DTRO)分离形成的浓缩液为例,拟将其回喷至隔路建设的垃圾焚烧厂焚烧炉中,结合已有的垃圾填埋场浓缩液的COD浓度以及附近垃圾焚烧厂中焚烧炉的性能参数,研究了浓缩液的最大回喷比,以及回喷燃烧废气对大气环境的影响。结果表明:将回喷比控制在3.96%以内,采用该工艺既不会影响垃圾焚烧工况,又能实现对垃圾浓缩液的高效处理;该工艺产生的烟气焚烧污染物均满足该行业的污染物排放标准。     

从钢铁酸洗废液制备聚合氯化铁及其应用研究

以钢铁酸洗废液和废铁屑为原料，测定了Fe^3 和Fe^2 含量，把过量的废铁屑加入钢铁酸洗废液中，使整个溶液还原成氯化亚铁溶液。采用氯酸钠氧化法，在(60～70)℃范围内经氧化、水解、聚合，然后加入一定量的稳定剂制得聚合氯化铁(PFC)溶液，讨论了影响聚合反应的主要因素。对炼油厂废水进行处理，合成的聚合氯化铁的处理效果明显优于市售聚合硫酸铁和三氯化铁。     

高浓度含铬废水的综合利用

探讨了高浓度含铬褪铜废液的处理方法 ,根据该废液铬含量高 ,具有回收利用价值的特点 ,提出了一条综合利用含铬废液的工艺路线。将含铬废液在合适的条件下把Cr(Ⅲ )氧化为Cr(Ⅵ ) ,加合适的沉淀剂除杂质后 ,加入铅盐溶液 ,生成铬黄     

Detection of dioxygenase genes present in various activated sludge

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Activated sludge from refineries contains various microorganisms that could utilize aromatics under aerobic conditions due to the oxygenase enzymes. Dioxygenase enzymes are oxygenases, which are involved in the ring cleavage step of aromatic hydrocarbons. In this study, the selected catabolic loci involved in ring cleavage have been monitored in the activated sludge samples at different time intervals. The investigation of the dioxygenase genes in the Effluent Treatment Plants (ETPs) and evaluation of their presence at different time points provides a clue for the aromatic utilizing potential of the inherent microbial flora. METHODS: The catabolic gene loci pheB, xylE, tod-isp, bed and nahG responsible for the enzymes catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, toluene dioxygenase-iron-sulphur protein component, benzene dioxygenase and naphthalene dioxygenase were used respectively. The time dependent change in eubacterial population was demonstrated by the amplification of 16S rDNA product, followed by restriction digestion. The template DNA was obtained from the activated sludge collected from ETPs. The supporting physiological data for the overall performance of sludge was developed using respirometric analysis. The on-site COD and MLSS analysis for ETP was used in final evaluation. The study was carried out with samples collected from three different ETPs and also from a selected ETP at different time intervals. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The respirometric studies were carried out with phenol, catechol, toluene, and naphthalene to arrive at the target genotypes for further study by PCR protocol. The respirometric analysis coupled with the COD and MLSS analysis represented the physiological capacity of the various sludges. Initially, the tracking protocol was optimized by using different sludge samples, which were collected from refineries. The selected genotypes were amplified and their presence has been confirmed using Southern analysis. The gene loci tod-isp, bed and xylE were commonly observed at various time intervals of the sludge from the same source. The gene loci pheB and nahG were found to be relatively rare. CONCLUSION: The 16S rDNA PCR products after restriction digestion produced different DNA fingerprint patterns, suggesting that the microbial community composition was diverse in the three sources. Similarly, the presence of the catechol 2,3-dioxygenase, benzene dioxygenase and toluene dioxygenase genes confirmed the aromatic degrading potential in the various sludges. The probes could not pick the nahG and pheB genes. However, the respirometeric assay suggested that the oxidative capacity to use naphthalene as a substrate exists. RECOMMENDATION AND PERSPECTIVE: Our study of the diversity at various time points from the ETP provided an overview of the shifts of the catabolic composition of the sludge. This also depends on the influential parameters like the incoming pollutant level and the environmental conditions that are prevailing and often changing from time to time. The results of direct DNA extraction and PCR amplification do reflect the relative abundance of a particular catabolic genotype, which could be used to monitor the efficiency of treatment.