气相色谱法中液体样品的进样技术

阐述了气相色谱中液体样品的4种进样技术。     

测定挥发酚时四—氨基安替比林的使用技巧

采用萃取法测挥发酚时,四-氨基安替比林是否需要提纯,可以根据标准曲线斜率来定,当斜率符合方法要求时,可直接用于分析。此法具有省时、省力、避免接触苯等优点。     

散打运动员比赛的心理分析及训练

本文对散打比赛中散打运动员合理的运用技战术稳定的心理状态及散打运动员不良的心理状态的分析,提出有效的心理调节的训练方法。     

The Role of Ethnobotanical Skills and Agricultural Labor in Forest Clearance: Evidence from the Bolivian Amazon

Research on the benefits of local ecological knowledge for conservation lacks empirical data on the pathways through which local knowledge might affect natural resources management. We test whether ethnobotanical skills, a proxy for local ecological knowledge, are associated to the clearance of forest through their interaction with agricultural labor. We collected information from men in a society of gatherers–horticulturalist, the Tsimane’ (Bolivia). Data included a baseline survey, a survey of ethnobotanical skills (n = 190 men), and two surveys on agricultural labor inputs (n = 466 plots). We find a direct effect of ethnobotanical skills in lowering the extent of forest cleared in fallow but not in old-growth forest. We also find that the interaction between ethnobotanical skills and labor invested in shifting cultivation has opposite effects depending on whether the clearing is done in old-growth or fallow forest. We explain the finding in the context of Tsimane’ increasing integration to the market economy.     

浅谈网络教学的现状以及混合式教学方式的发展

在10多年的网络教学实践中碰到了种种问题：高投资低回报,教师主导地位的丧失,学习活动在低水平层次的重复,学习效果与预设的理想目标相距甚远等等。这些问题促使研究者对网络教学的热潮重新进行理性反思,混合教学方式便应运而生,即传统的教师课堂讲授教学与学生在线学习相结合的混合教学方式。通过这种方式,能把传统学习方式的优势和网络教学的优势结合起来。另外,随着混合式教学方式的发展,对教师技能也提出了新的要求。     

基于AHP的列车司机非技术技能综合评价模型

列车司机的非技术技能对保证驾驶安全、降低人因事故发生概率有至关重要的影响。为了客观、准确地评价列车司机的非技术技能,从决策能力、人际能力、自我管理和情景意识4个维度通过问卷对非技术技能的指标进行筛选,得到11个列车司机非技术技能指标;然后使用层次分析法建立非技术技能综合评价递阶层次模型,为了获得各层指标权重,结合群决策方法建立各层的判断矩阵,获得各层指标的权重,最终构建了列车司机非技术技能综合评价模型。该模型既可以分析导致人因事故的非技术技能因素,也能够用于列车司机的评价、选拔和培训。     

Cultural Erosion and Biodiversity: Canoe-Making Knowledge in Pohnpei, Micronesia

Abstract:  Erosion of traditional knowledge and practice is a serious and accelerating problem, but quantitative work on traditional knowledge loss and its importance to biodiversity conservation is lacking. We investigated traditional knowledge of canoe making, a skill heavily dependent on plant biodiversity, on Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia, through a survey of 180 island residents. Our results showed that there has been an intergenerational erosion of canoe-making skills. Given current trends, the present generation of Pohnpeians may be the last to retain any knowledge of this traditional craft. We also identified several correlates of knowledge loss—including Western educational level and occupation—that highlight potential avenues for skill conservation via governments, traditional leadership, and schools. These institutions could intervene to emphasize traditional knowledge, which would reinforce institutional contexts in which traditional knowledge and practice is valued. The heightened awareness of the value of biodiversity that is linked to traditional knowledge is key to biological conservation on Pohnpei and can help support local conservation programs.     

Play behavior and motor development in juvenile Belding’s ground squirrels (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Spermophilus beldingi</Emphasis>)

We evaluated the relationship between play behavior and motor development in juvenile Beldings ground squirrels (Spermophilus beldingi). We observed the social play behavior of juvenile S. beldingi during their primary play period and conducted motor skills tests at the beginning and end of the play period. We also placed different-sized boxes in juveniles natal areas during the play period and observed box climbing behavior to assess the difficulty of non-social play tasks undertaken by juveniles. Rates of social play were greater in heavy compared to light individuals, supporting the idea that juveniles must selectively allocate available energy among competing demands such as growth and play behavior. Juveniles played almost exclusively with littermates; however, they did not play at equal rates with all partners. Rather, they tended to have one preferred partner and to devote significantly less time to playing with each additional partner, indicating that stability and familiarity are important in social play interactions. Motor skill levels at the end of the play period were greater among juveniles who played with many compared to few partners, suggesting that exposure to a variety of play interactions helps facilitate motor development. Improvement in motor skills was greater among juveniles who played at high compared to low rates, had several compared to few male play partners, and engaged in several compared to few play bouts with male partners, suggesting that elements of play with male partners prominently influence motor development. The partner with whom males played at the highest rate tended to be male, and rates of social play were highest in male biased litters, raising the possibility that improvement in motor proficiency arising from play with males may be especially important for young males. The size of experimental boxes that juveniles climbed increased during the play period, supporting the idea that individuals choose play tasks that pose the greatest challenge.Communicated by T. Czeschlik     

Opposable spines facilitate fine and gross object manipulation in fire ants

Ants inhabit diverse terrestrial biomes from the Sahara Desert to the Arctic tundra. One factor contributing to the ants’ successful colonization of diverse geographical regions is their ability to manipulate objects when excavating nests, capturing, transporting and rendering prey or grooming, feeding and transporting helpless brood. This paper is the first to report the form and function of opposable spines on the foretarsi of queens and workers used during fine motor and gross motor object manipulation in the fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. In conjunction with their mandibles, queens and workers used their foretarsi to grasp and rotate eggs, push or pull thread-like objects out of their way or push excavated soil pellets behind them for disposal by other workers. Opposable spines were found on the foretarsi of workers from seven of eight other ant species suggesting that they might be a common feature in the Formicidae.     

Pollen foraging: learning a complex motor skill by bumblebees (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombus terrestris</Emphasis>)

To investigate how bumblebees (Bombus terrestris) learn the complex motor skills involved in pollen foraging, we observed naïve workers foraging on arrays of nectarless poppy flowers (Papaver rhoeas) in a greenhouse. Foraging skills were quantified by measuring the pollen load collected during each foraging bout and relating this to the number of flowers visited and bout duration on two consecutive days. The pollen standing crop (PSC) in each flower decreased drastically from 0530 to 0900 hours. Therefore, we related foraging performance to the changing levels of pollen available (per flower) and found that collection rate increased over the course of four consecutive foraging bouts (comprising between 277 and 354 individual flower visits), suggesting that learning to forage for pollen represents a substantial time investment for individual foragers. The pollen collection rate and size of pollen loads collected at the start of day 2 were markedly lower than at the end of day 1, suggesting that components of pollen foraging behaviour could be subject to imperfect overnight retention. Our results suggest that learning the necessary motor skills to collect pollen effectively from morphologically simple flowers takes three times as many visits as learning how to handle the most morphologically complex flowers to extract nectar, potentially explaining why bees are more specialised in their choice of pollen flowers.