蔬菜残留农药的天然净化剂的开发与研制

以贝壳（扇贝壳和牡蛎壳等）为原料,进行高温煅烧处理,制成天然净化剂,对残留有机磷类农药（以氧乐果为例）的蔬菜样品（小白菜）进行清洗,利用分光光度法进行农药残留去除的测定。研究了反应时间、净化剂浓度等因素对蔬菜残留农药去除效果的影响,并比较了水、氯化钠、天然净化剂的去除效果。结果表明,0.05g/100 ml（5%）天然净化剂在洗涤5 min时,去除效果最好,去除率高达76.47%,其去除效果均高于同浓度的水和氯化钠。     

环氧乙烷/乙二醇装置的清洁生产

分析了中国石化扬子石化烯烃厂环氧乙烷／乙二醇装置主要环境污染源,介绍了装置采取的主要清洁生产技术及应用效果。     

黄土高原苹果园土壤N_2O排放研究

从2007年5月1日到2009年4月30日对黄土高原苹果园氧化亚氮(N2O)排放采用静态箱气相色谱法进行了为期两年的监测.分别在距果树2.5m(D2.5)、1.5m(D1.5)、0.5m(D0.5)的位置采样.研究结果表明,苹果园N2O排放量年际变化较大,2008年5月到2009年4月的N2O排放量(2.74kg·hm-·2a-1)比2007年5月到2008年4月(2.27kg·hm-·2a-1)高20.7%,主要原因是2008年夏季降雨量是2007年夏季降雨量的1.92倍,使得2008年夏季N2O排放量是2007年夏季的2.81倍.2008年5月到2009年4月的排放系数(0.082%)是2007年5月到2008年4月排放系数(0.035%)的2.34倍.施肥后、冻融交替期、苹果树落叶的前期、降雨后苹果园都有高的N2O排放峰,N2O的季节变化受到这些短期事件的显著影响.而这些短期事件对N2O排放的激发效应又受到降雨量、土壤孔隙充水率(WFPS)和地温的调控.D2.5和D0.5两个处理的N2O排放与气温(p≤0.01)和地温(p≤0.01或p≤0.05)显著相关.D1.5处理N2O排放与气温(p≤0.05)显著相关.     

洁净配煤颗粒化对链条炉排锅炉烟气影响的研究

颗粒化洁净配煤的研究,是从煤炭以一定厚度煤层形式进入链条锅炉燃烧的机理出发,结合洁净配煤技术、煤炭分级燃烧技术、固硫和粘结添加剂技术,配制成一种适合链条锅炉燃烧的低污染洁净煤。通过对颗粒化洁净配煤在链条锅炉上的试烧,及其对试烧的热工测试、烟气排放环保监测的观察和分析,结果表明：链条锅炉燃烧颗粒化洁净配煤工况稳定,炉膛温度高,热效率高,炉渣含碳量低,烟尘和SO2排放降低,具有显著的节能减排效果。颗粒化洁净配煤技术是一种加工简便、投资小、收益快的洁净煤技术。     

Biosphere–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen and greenhouse gases at the NitroEurope core flux measurement sites: Measurement strategy and first data sets

The NitroEurope project aims to improve understanding of the nitrogen (N) cycle at the continental scale and quantify the major fluxes of reactive N by a combination of reactive N measurements and modelling activities. As part of the overall measurement strategy, a network of 13 flux ‘super sites’ (Level-3) has been established, covering European forest, arable, grassland and wetland sites, with the objective of quantifying the N budget at a high spatial resolution and temporal frequency for 4.5 years, and to estimate greenhouse gas budgets (N₂O, CH₄ and CO₂). These sites are supported by a network of low-cost flux measurements (Level-2, 9 sites) and a network to infer reactive N fluxes at 58 sites (Level-1), for comparison with carbon (C) flux measurements.Measurements at the Level-3 sites include high resolution N₂O, NO (also CH₄, CO₂) fluxes, wet and dry N deposition, leaching of N and C and N transformations in plant, litter and soil. Results for the first 11 months (1.8.2006 to 30.6.2007) suggest that the grasslands are the largest source of N₂O, that forests are the largest source of NO and sink of CH₄ and that N deposition rates influence NO and N₂O fluxes in non-agricultural ecosystems. The NO and N₂O emission ratio is influenced by soil type and precipitation. First budgets of reactive N entering and leaving the ecosystem and of net greenhouse gas exchange are outlined. Further information on rates of denitrification to N₂ and biological N₂ fixation is required to complete the N budgets for some sites. The quantitative roles played by CO₂, N₂O and CH₄ in defining net greenhouse gas exchange differ widely between ecosystems depending on the interactions of climate, soil type, land use and management.     

外源一氧化氮供体对镉胁迫下黑麦草幼苗活性氧代谢、光合作用和叶黄素循环的影响

为了探讨外源NO对镉胁迫下牧草生理响应的调节作用,采用溶液培养方法,以多年生黑麦草为试验材料,研究了外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)对镉胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长、活性氧代谢、光合作用和叶黄素循环的影响.结果表明,150 μmol·L-1SNP能明显缓解100mg·L-1Cd2+对黑麦草幼苗生长的抑制作用,提高幼苗的生长速度.与单纯镉胁迫相比,外源150 μmol·L-1SNP显著抑制镉胁迫下黑麦草幼苗根系和叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性的下降和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的升高,促进过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量的提高,降低抗坏血酸(ASA)、H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)含量及超氧阴离子(O2-)产生速率.同时,外源SNP处理不仅降低了镉胁迫下黑麦草叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶绿素最大荧光(Fm)、PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv/Fm)、光合电子传递量子效率(φPSⅡ)、光化学荧光猝灭系数(qp)、光合电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学速率(PCR)的下降及初始荧光(F0)的上升幅度,还提高了非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)和叶绿素含量及叶黄素循环库(V+A+Z)的大小,使叶黄素循环脱环氧化状态(A+Z)/(V+A+Z)升高.由此表明,外源NO可通过提高活性氧清除能力和增强依赖于叶黄素循环的非辐射能量耗散,保护由镉胁迫引起的黑麦草幼苗叶片光合机构的破坏,从而提高光合效率.     

基于模糊评价方法的燃煤电厂氮氧化物控制技术评价

为定量地综合评价燃煤电厂氮氧化物控制技术,建立了包括环境、技术、经济3个方面共11项指标的多因素多级评价指标体系.采用模糊评价方法,选择低氮燃烧器(LNB)、燃尽风(OFA)、再燃(Reburning)、选择性催化还原(SCR)、选择性非催化还原(SNCR)和SCR/SNCR联合6种典型的氮氧化物控制技术,定量评估其技术、经济和环境性能,以筛选出燃煤电厂最佳适用控制技术组合.案例分析结果表明,对于燃烧贫煤或无烟煤的墙式锅炉,要求脱硝效率70%,SCR与LNB联用技术是最优选择;对于使用烟煤或褐煤的W火焰和切圆燃烧锅炉,脱硝效率30%即可达标排放,LNB和再燃等燃烧中脱硝技术是最佳选择.因此,在经济较发达、生态环境脆弱的重点地区,建议燃用无烟煤和贫煤的大型机组安装LNB和SCR,燃用烟煤和褐煤的机组或者100MW机组可考虑LNB和SNCR联用来减少NOx排放;在其它尚有环境容量的地区,建议燃无烟煤和贫煤的机组安装LNB和SNCR,其它机组通过安装LNB减少NOx排放.     

燃煤锅炉烟气中一氧化氮排放浓度测量的不确定度评定

根据《测量不确定度评定与表示》（JJF1059-1999）,对燃煤锅炉烟气中一氧化氮排放浓度的测量不确定度进行评定。对废气监测领域不确定度评定具有现实意义。     

Environmental impacts of irrigated sugarcane production: Nitrogen lost through runoff and leaching

There is concern about environmental impacts of cropping in catchments of Australia's Great Barrier Reef, especially losses of nitrogen (N) from cropping systems. Sugarcane production in the Burdekin region in the dry tropics stands out from other crops/regions because it is grown with the highest applications of irrigation water and N fertiliser rates of any sugarcane producing region in Australia, attributes which may enhance losses of N. Little is known about N losses from sugarcane production systems, especially irrigated systems. We measured parts of the water and N balance over three sugarcane crops at three contrasting sites in different parts of the Burdekin region, covering a range of soil types/textures and irrigation managements. The experimental data were used to parameterise the APSIM-Sugarcane cropping systems model, and the model then used to ‘infill’ missing data and develop more complete water and N balances for each of the crops at the three sites. The model was also used to simulate long-term yields and N losses through runoff and leaching below the root zone at the sites under a range of N fertiliser and irrigation management practices. Unlike the experience in other cropping systems, N losses through runoff and leaching below the root zone were not higher at our sites than measured in rainfed sugarcane production systems. The long-term simulations showed there were clear opportunities for reducing N losses while maintaining yields through reducing N fertiliser application rates. Simulations results suggested that long-term N surpluses of 50 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹, considerably less than those during the experiment or common in the study region, were sufficient to maintain yields but reduce N losses by 50-57%. So, N fertiliser management should aim to keep surpluses to that level. Improved irrigation management could also help reduce N losses but generally to a much lesser extent than reduced N fertiliser applications. Research is required to confirm these predicted benefits, and investigate potential interaction between N fertiliser and irrigation management practices, and impacts of other management practices.     

Carbon dioxide emissions from spring ploughing of grassland in Ireland

Grassland re-seeding or land-use change requires ploughing, which may enhance carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from soil. This study observed the short to intermediate-term (37 days) effects of ploughing on CO₂ emissions from poorly drained grassland using automated soil respiration chambers. Immediately after ploughing, a brief peak in CO₂ emissions from soil occurred with a maximum observed flux of 6.91 g CO₂ m⁻² h⁻¹. Contradictory to other reported results, ecosystem respiration after ploughing was lower on the ploughed than on the grass site. After including estimates of photosynthesis in the analysis, ploughing led to significantly higher net CO₂ emissions than from grassland. The main mechanism of C loss during ploughing was most likely due to a reduction in gross primary production rather than enhanced soil respiration.