北京市实行机动车排放欧洲标准的环境效果分析

以2005年为基准年,在全面调查北京市城区道路交通、机动车保有运营状况的基础上建立机动车污染源排放清单,并借助ADMS-城市模型建立机动车污染物扩散模型,对北京市城区内的机动车污染物浓度进行了模拟;对国Ⅰ、国Ⅱ标准实施的污染物排放量变化及其对大气环境质量的影响进行回顾性评估,并预测实施国Ⅲ、国Ⅳ标准后,在未来能取得的污...     

Radon level and radon effective dose rate determination using SSNTDs In Sannur cave, Eastern desert of Egypt

The European eel’s swimbladder nematode, Anguillicola crassus, sampled from the Asi River (Orontes River) in Antakya (Hatay, Turkey) in May 2006 were analysed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) for their some heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb and Zn) levels. The metal concentrations of the parasites were compared to different organs (swimbladder, liver, muscle and skin) of the fish hosts. The parasite contained statistically highly significantly amounts of Fe (P < 0.05). The iron level of nematode was up to 25.52 times than the muscle of its host, Anguilla anguilla. However, bioconcentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn were detected in the A. crassus and it contained no statistically differences with the other tissues of its host, the eel (P > 0.05). Furthermore, no significant differences were detected in the heavy metal accumulations between the parasitized and un-parasitized fish tissues. The analysed metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) were found in fish muscle at mean concentrations under the permissible limits proposed by FAO.     

欧盟健康风险评估技术概述

1993年欧盟议会首次通过了已有物质的健康风险评估和危险物质对人类健康危害的风险评估2个指令,继而发布了技术指导文件并沿用至今,欧盟还据此颁布了以《化学品的注册、评估、授权和限制》(Regulation Concerning the Registration,Evaluation,Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals,REACH)为代表的一系列化学品管控法规,促进了化学生产、使用与管控技术的革新。本文综述了欧盟健康风险评估的发展历程、主要步骤方法及其应用进展。欧盟的健康风险评估主要从化学品的释放源和全生命周期入手,对化学品进行综合全面管控。其风险评估技术指导手册架构完整、内容详尽,整体上从危害识别、剂量-效应关系、暴露评估和风险表征4个部分进行了介绍,对健康风险评估中的标准方法、数据来源、参数选择与模型应用做出规定。并以此导则中的办法为基础,对141种化学品进行评估,推出一系列化学品管理办法,实现了优先控制化学品的筛选,值得我国化学品研究与管理工作者借鉴。     

Strategic Environmental Assessment of Plans and Programs: A Methodology for Estimating Effects on Biodiversity

We developed a methodology for biodiversity evaluations within the process of Strategic Environmental Assessment and we applied it to the estimation of the effect of two Regional Plans of Development on all bird species inhabiting the Castilla y León region (northwestern Spain). The methodology is based on the evaluation of the effects of main development actions on the habitat requirements of species. From these evaluations, and from data on the current distribution and population size (number of individuals) of each species, we estimated the most likely pattern of distribution and population size after the full implementation of the plans for each species. The impacts of the plans were quantified as the differences between the pre- and postproject patterns after codifying them to compensate for differences in the quality of the information available among species. Overall, we conclude that the proposed methodology fulfills the requirements for its use within the SEA process as it allows for the assessment of cumulative impacts on every species, highlighting the development directions and the habitat types with major impacts, and ascertaining whether impacts affect species with either low or high conservation and/or economic value. Generalization of the proposed methodology to other regions or species will require wildlife-habitat models adequate for SEA analyses, so that we also propose guidelines for the development and validation of these models.     

Black carbon aerosol and carbon monoxide in European regionally polluted air masses at Mace Head, Ireland during 1995–1998

Continuous measurements of black carbon aerosol (BCA) at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station on the Atlantic Ocean coast of Ireland show the occurrence of dramatically elevated concentrations when regionally polluted air masses are advected to the station. These occurrences correlate well with similar elevations in carbon monoxide and a wide range of other trace gases monitored near-simultaneously with the BCA. Using daily sector allocation and a sophisticated Lagrangian dispersion model, two independent estimates of the European emission source strength of BCA that are required to explain the Mace Head observations have been made. The best estimates of the UK and European emission source strengths of BCA are 46±14 and [(482–511)±140]×10³ tonnes yr⁻¹, respectively, and these estimates compare favourably with published inventories, at least to within ±25%, though they are considerably smaller than the emissions employed in some early global climate model studies.     

日本公司应对欧盟指令的措施概述

通过介绍日本东芝、松下、索尼公司为应对欧盟WEEE指令和ROHS指令所采取的措施,总结了对我国企业具有借鉴作用的经验及方法。     

欧盟优先水污染物与环境质量标准制定及其对我国的借鉴作用

综述了欧盟水框架指令和水政策环境质量标准指令框架下,水环境优先污染物和优先危害物质的确定方法、程序和清单,以及地表水质量标准与生物体质量标准的制定方法及监测要求。提出,我国可借鉴欧盟水框架指令和水政策环境质量标准指令,明确水环境管理和污染物控制目标,制定优先污染物筛选评估技术规范及质量标准,持续评估确定地表水优先污染物,同时,建立潜在高风险物质监测监控制度,进一步完善地表水环境质量标准的指标体系,使得水环境的保护更加科学合理。     

An exposure study with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in female European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris): toxicokinetics and reproductive effects

We exposed female European starlings to a pentabromodiphenyl ether (Penta-BDE) mixture through subcutaneous implants, and examined levels and profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) together with reproductive effects. Sum PBDE levels increased significantly in the serum of the exposed females from 218 ± 43 to 23,400 ± 2035 pg/ml. Sum PBDE concentrations in the eggs of the exposed group ranged from 130 ± 12 to 220 ± 37 ng/g wet weight (ww). The profile in serum after egg laying was very similar to that in eggs. There were no detectable levels of HO-PBDEs in both serum and eggs. Fewer females of the exposed group initiated egg laying compared to the control group, although the difference was not significant. In addition, egg weight and volume were significantly higher in the exposed group. These results suggest that, at the investigated exposure levels (150 μg sum PBDEs/bird), PBDEs may have a negative effect on reproductive performance.     

中国—欧盟碳泄漏问题实证研究

气候变化问题已被公认为是全球范围内可持续发展面临的最大威胁,碳泄漏问题是目前气候变化领域的一个热点问题.欧盟等以存在碳泄漏为由欲对非减排国家征收碳关税.在此背景下,本文对碳泄漏问题进行理论分析和实证研究.理论分析认为,碳泄漏有三个主要渠道:化石能源的国际贸易、碳密集型产品的国际贸易和能源密集型产业的国际转移,其中,碳密集型产品的国际贸易一直是争论的核心.在此基础上,本文从碳密集型产品的国际贸易角度对中国与欧盟之间碳泄漏问题进行了实证研究.本文选取钢铁、有色金属、水泥、化肥、玻璃和玻璃制品、纸张和纸制品六个碳密集型产业为研究对象,以中国与欧盟碳密集型产品的进出口比率作为指标,考察欧盟实施温室气体减排措施(1992年)以来该指标的变化趋势,以确定中国与欧盟之间是否发生了碳泄漏以及程度如何.研究结果表明,中国与欧盟之间可能并未发生碳泄漏,或者即使发生了碳泄漏,其程度也很微弱,不足以成为欧盟征收碳关税的理由.     

Comparison of modelled and measured ozone concentrations and meteorology for a site in south-west Sweden: implications for ozone uptake calculations

Measurements of ground-level ozone concentrations and meteorology (temperature, vapour pressure deficit (VPD), solar radiation) at the monitoring site Ostad (south-west Sweden) were compared to data from the corresponding grid in the EMEP photo-oxidant model for 1997, 1999 and 2000. The influence of synoptic weather on the agreement between model and measurements was studied. Implications of differences between modelled and observed inputs for ozone flux calculations for wheat and potato were investigated. The EMEP model output of ozone, temperature and VPD correlated well with measurements during daytime. Deviations were larger during the night, especially in calm conditions, attributed to local climatological conditions at the monitoring site deviating from average conditions of the grid. These differences did not lead to significant differences in calculated ozone uptake, which was reproduced remarkably well. The uptake calculations were sensitive to errors in the ozone and temperature input data, especially when including a flux threshold.