Organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues in the Atoya river basin, Chinandega, Nicaragua

The hydrographic basin of the Atoya river, located in the Department of Chinandega, one of the main cotton producing regions in Nicaragua, is intensively contaminated by pesticides. Samples of river waters and sediments, as well as strategically selected wells have been analyzed to study variations in the concentrations of organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticide residues between the dry season (November-April) and the rainy season (May-June). Generally, higher concentrations of pesticides have been detected in the river waters and sediments in the dry season. DDT, DDD, DDE compounds and toxaphene are the most frequent organochlorine residues found in the water and sediment samples, while endrin, aldrin, dieldrin and lindane are mainly found in the waters of rivers and wells. Organophosphorus compounds were rarely detected. However, residues of ethion, methyl-parathion and ethyl-parathion were found in high concentrations in some river and well water samples. Generally, organochlorine compounds tend to accumulate in the fine grain-size fractions, rich in organic matter, except DDE, which concentrates basically in the coarse grain-size fractions.     

一维有限段模型在小清河河口水质预测中的应用

本文建立了小清河-维河口有限段水质模型,并运用该水质模型预测了拟建的东营乙烯工程对小清河感潮段的水质影响,所获得的预测结论为有关部门确定东营乙烯工程废水的排污去向提供了重要的科学依据。     

松花江中游(哨口-松花江村段)水中有毒有机物污染研究

1983—1990年,在松花江中游(哨口—松花江村)138公里江段中,进行七次五断面追踪水团采样,采用高分子微球GDX—502吸附富集,GC定性定量,GC/MS定性验证。依据有机物检出率、毒性持久性、有点源排放、分析方法适用等因素,筛选出65种主要有毒有机物。化合物总浓度逐年降低,石油烷烃、芳烃浓度增加;属致癌致变性化合物21种,EPA优测物21种,建议的优先控制黑名单20种;有点源排入的占90％以上,污染源来自吉化主要入江污水口;封冰期比其它水文期污染增强;该江段污染特征为氯代链烃、氯代苯类、硝基芳烃种类多、浓度高,应为重点控制对象。     

上海新港河道耗氧特性研究及其综合整治措施

通过实验室试验测定，得出了上海市新港河道水体和底泥的耗氧特性曲线，分析了水体和底泥耗氧的阶段历时、阶段耗氧特性及动力学过程。在缺乏河道水质模型的情况下，利用耗氧特性曲线可以估算各个阶段的耗氧量和河道的总耗氧量，为河道充氧设备的选择提供一定的理论指导。通过计算，上海新港河道的总耗氧量约为75．7kg／d。上海宏成实业发展有限公司采用充氧曝气、投加微生物、种植水生植物等措施对河道进行了治理，实践表明，这些措施可以使新港河道的水质有明显的改善。     

威远江、小黑江流域面源污染调查

对澜沧江水系威远江、小黑江流域面源污染情况开展调查，包括：化肥使用情况，农药和农膜使用情况，畜禽养殖情况，乡镇生活污水及生活垃圾情况。针对调查结果提出了流域面源污染的防治对策。     

珠江三角洲酸雨及其造成的农作物损失的研究

探讨了珠江三角洲酸雨高发的原因，并估算了珠江三角洲因酸雨和ＳＯ２污染而造成的农作物的经济损失。     

滇池宝象河流域全面产流与降雨关系初步研究

在进行滇池宝象河流域入湖污染负荷总量核算时,涉及流域的水量平衡计算,地表径流和地下径流是两个重要的环节,两者联系密切,并且在水循环过程中相互转化。不是所有的降水都能补给地下水,进而产生地表径流,只有当降雨量大于某一临界值时,才有可能产生地表径流。全流域地表径流产生与降雨关系的试验研究,有助于分析当地气象因素以及降雨时段之初的包气带含水率和地下水埋藏深度,为污染负荷总量核算提供参考和借鉴。     

硅藻土混凝剂在污染河水处理中的应用研究

以改性硅藻土为混疑剂，对具有不同污染特征的苏州河各支流污染水体进行了化学强化一级处理试验研究。结果表明，硅藻土混疑剂的最佳投药量随原水水质的不同而不同；硅藻土对C0Dcr和P有较高的去除效率，而对NH3-N的去除率不高；不同污染河水水质对硅藻土的混疑效果有比较显著的影响，表现为在混疑剂的最佳投药量条件下，C0Dcr去除量与原水CODcr之间存在着显著的线性关系。     

北江万古流

北江是珠江水系第二大支流，全长582km，流域面积有4.7×105km2。北江是晚第三纪以来形成发育的，塑造了著名的丹霞地貌峡谷。水力、矿产、动植物和旅游资源丰富。     

Uncertainty analysis of emission estimates in the RAINS integrated assessment model

Uncertainty is a critical issue for all models that attempt to quantify the necessary emission reductions that are required to meet environmental quality targets. This paper discusses a methodology specifically developed to analyse the uncertainties in the emission estimates with the regional air pollution information and simulation (RAINS) integrated assessment model, considering the uncertainties in the model parameters themselves. Overall, it was found that a typical range of uncertainties for modeled national emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and ammonia in Europe lies between 10 and 30%. In general, the uncertainties are strongly dependent on the potential for error compensation. This compensation potential is larger (and uncertainties are smaller) if calculated emissions are composed of a larger number of equal-sized source categories, where the errors in input parameters are not correlated with each other. Thus, estimates of the national total emissions are generally more certain than estimates of sectoral emissions. A sensitivity analysis with respect to the uncertainty in input parameters showed that the actual uncertainties are critically influenced by the specific situation (pollutant, year, country). However, the emission factor is an important contributor to the uncertainty in estimates of historical emissions, while uncertainty in the activity data dominates the future estimates.