基于效果-效率-适应性的养殖废弃物资源化利用管理模式评价框架构建及初步应用

由于产业发展正处于转型阶段,我国畜禽养殖污染治理中的管理问题比技术问题更加突出,选择适宜的组织管理模式尤其重要。融合了效果分析、效率评价和适应性分析,尝试构建一个养殖废弃物资源化利用管理模式综合评价框架,并选择太湖流域4个不同类型的典型案例进行方法例证。研究表明,传统的养殖企业主导型管理模式应用于小型、分散养殖废弃物资源化利用时面临着经济效率低、适应性差难题;农村废弃物处理中心、种植企业和有机肥企业的参与可以改善小型、分散养殖废弃物资源化利用的经济效率;综合考虑效果、效率与适应性,种植企业、有机肥企业主导型模式的适宜推广范围更广。应根据不同地区种植-养殖产业关系、污染治理需求、经济发展水平与政府投入能力等,灵活组合应用不同管理模式。     

Cd-tolerant Suillus luteus: A fungal insurance for pines exposed to Cd

Soil metal pollution can trigger evolutionary adaptation in soil-borne organisms. An in vitro screening test showed cadmium adaptation in populations of Suillus luteus (L.: Fr.) Roussel, an ectomycorrhizal fungus of pine trees. Cadmium stress was subsequently investigated in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings inoculated with a Cd-tolerant S. luteus, isolated from a heavy metal contaminated site, and compared to plants inoculated with a Cd-sensitive isolate from a non-polluted area. A dose-response experiment with mycorrhizal pines showed better plant protection by a Cd-adapted fungus: more fungal biomass and a higher nutrient uptake at high Cd exposure. In addition, less Cd was transferred to aboveground plant parts. Because of the key role of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis for tree fitness, the evolution of Cd tolerance in an ectomycorrhizal partner such as S. luteus can be of major importance for the establishment of pine forests on Cd-contaminated soils.     

Study on the hydrolysis/precipitation behavior of Keggin Al13 and Al30 polymers in polyaluminum solutions

The hydrolysis/precipitation behaviors of Al³⁺, Al₁₃ and Al₃₀ under conditions typical for flocculation in water treatment were investigated by studying the particulates' size development, charge characteristics, chemical species and speciation transformation of coagulant hydrolysis precipitates. The optimal pH conditions for hydrolysis precipitates formation for AlCl₃, PAC_Al13 and PAC_Al30 were 6.5–7.5, 8.5–9.5, and 7.5–9.5, respectively. The precipitates' formation rate increased with the increase in dosage, and the relative rates were AlCl₃ ? PAC_Al30 > PAC_Al13. The precipitates' size increased when the dosage increased from 50 μM to 200 μM, but it decreased when the dosage increased to 800 μM. The Zeta potential of coagulant hydrolysis precipitates decreased with the increase in pH for the three coagulants. The iso-electric points of the freshly formed precipitates for AlCl₃, PAC_Al13 and PAC_Al30 were 7.3, 9.6 and 9.2, respectively. The Zeta potentials of AlCl₃ hydrolysis precipitates were lower than those of PAC_Al13 and PAC_Al30 when pH > 5.0. The Zeta potential of PAC_Al30 hydrolysis precipitates was higher than that of PAC_Al13 at the acidic side, but lower at the alkaline side. The dosage had no obvious effect on the Zeta potential of hydrolysis precipitates under fixed pH conditions. The increase in Zeta potential with the increase in dosage under uncontrolled pH conditions was due to the pH depression caused by coagulant addition. Al–Ferron research indicated that the hydrolysis precipitates of AlCl₃ were composed of amorphous Al(OH)₃ precipitates, but those of PAC_Al13 and PAC_Al30 were composed of aggregates of Al₁₃ and Al₃₀, respectively. Al³⁺ was the most un-stable species in coagulants, and its hydrolysis was remarkably influenced by solution pH. Al₁₃ and Al₃₀ species were very stable, and solution pH and aging had little effect on the chemical species of their hydrolysis products. The research method involving coagulant hydrolysis precipitates based on Al–Ferron reaction kinetics was studied in detail. The Al species classification based on complex reaction kinetic of hydrolysis precipitates and Ferron reagent was different from that measured in a conventional coagulant assay using the Al–Ferron method. The chemical composition of Al_a, Al_b and Al_c depended on coagulant and solution pH. The Al_b measured in the current case was different from Keggin Al₁₃, and the high Al_b content in the AlCl₃ hydrolysis precipitates could not used as testimony that most of the Al³⁺ was converted to highly charged Al₁₃ species during AlCl₃ coagulation.     

单块集尘板振打加速度的有限元分析

采用有限元分析软件ABAQUS,对单块集尘板振打加速度进行了分析计算。并将计算结果与解析法和实测法结果进行对比。对比结果表明,有限元计算值更接近于实测值。用有限元法对某厂实际运行的电除尘器加速度进行求解,计算结果与实际基本吻合。由于有限元法能非常方便地处理各种复杂板型、不同的悬挂方式、振打锤的大小以及振打方式,因此,有限元法对于现有极板的分析与新型极板的研究均具有重要的实际意义。     

氮掺杂氧化钛的简易制备及可见光催化活性的研究

为开发对可见光响应的催化剂,以尿素为氮掺杂剂,采用简易溶胶-凝胶法制备氮掺杂氧化钛,并以2,4-DCP的降解检验其光催化活性。XRD、BET、XPS和UV-Vis漫反射光谱分析表明,随着氮/钛原子比（N/Ti)的增大,各催化剂晶粒尺寸减小,比表面积增大,锐钛矿相向金红石相的转变得到抑制,除0#样品出现金红石相外,其他催化剂均只出现锐钛矿相;掺入催化剂的N位于晶格O位点和晶格间隙,替代N和间隙N掺杂使催化剂的光吸收发生明显的红移。荧光光谱分析表明,当N/Ti在0～6范围内增加时,反应体系中·OH自由基的产生速率增加,当N/Ti增大至8时,速率则下降。相似的规律也表现在氮掺杂量对光催化活性的影响。适量氮掺杂能增强氧化钛的可见光催化活性,该改性催化剂可用于有机污染物的太阳光激催化降解。     

湖岸缓冲带反硝化作用的研究进展

反硝化作用是湖岸缓冲带去除硝酸盐的重要途径。湖岸缓冲带是联系陆地与湖泊生态系的纽带,不仅为许多动植物提供适宜生境,而且通过反硝化作用能去除地下水中的硝酸盐,提高湖泊水质。概述不同检测反硝化速率的方法,并对比各种方法的优点与缺点。阐述反硝化作用的影响因素：厌氧环境、有机碳、湖岸坡度、缓冲带坡度、pH与温度、硝酸盐浓度。介绍反硝化速率模型的研究开发状况。最后,提出了目前国内外反硝化研究中存在的不足及发展方向。     

AHP-SWOT法在道路交通安全改善策略中的应用

针对交通事故的特点,探讨AHP-SWOT方法在道路交通事故评价中的具体应用。SWOT(优势—劣势,机会—威胁)分析法是一种综合考虑系统外部环境和内部条件的各种因素,对其进行系统评价并从中选择最佳策略的方法,但是它缺少定量分析的过程。AHP(层次分析法)具有定性分析和定量分析相结合的优势,采用SWOT和AHP相结合的方法进行评价更加合理和准确。将AHP-SWOT方法应用于道路交通安全评价系统,分析道路交通安全系统所面临的机会和威胁、所处的优势和劣势,可为正确评价道路安全水平、制定合理的道路交通安全改善策略提供理论指导。实例证明该方法可行有效。     

家具企业安全管理调查研究——运用行为抽样法调查分析不安全行为

为降低家具企业事故的发生概率,通过对家具企业机加工车间工人的不安全行为的观察,依据其主要表现,将工人的不安全行为分为静态和动态两类;运用行为抽样法对生产现场工人的不安全行为情况进行的抽查,并对其不安全行为进行现状评价;通过分析不安全行为发生的原因,提出相应的改进措施。     

环境监测报告(记录)的审核原则和方法

从实际工作出发,提出了审核原始记录、数字型监测报告（报表）和文字型监测报告的审核原则和方法。     

博物馆室内微环境中碱性气体的被动采样方法研究

针对博物馆微环境中的碱性污染气体-氨气,采用自行研制的被动采样器,建立了一套适合博物馆馆藏文物保存环境中氨气含量分析的被动采样-离子色谱检测方法,应用于博物馆的实地采样分析,通过与主动法采样对照,获得了被动采样器在博物馆微环境中氨的吸收系数,从而获得采样点空气中氨气的浓度,为博物馆文物保存环境监测提供了可行方法。