Field evidence for non-host predator avoidance in a manipulated amphipod

Manipulative parasites are known to alter the spatial distribution of their intermediate hosts in a way that enables trophic transmission to definitive hosts. However, field data on the ecological implications of such changes are lacking. In particular, little is known about the spatial coexistence between infected prey and dead-end predators after a parasite-induced habitat shift. Here, we used an Amphipoda (Gammarus roeseli)–Acanthocephala (Polymorphus minutus) association to investigate how infection with a manipulative parasite affects the predation risk by non-hosts within the invertebrate community. First, we collected invertebrates by sampling various natural habitats and calculated the distribution amplitude of amphipods according to their infection status. Infection with P. minutus significantly reduced the habitat breadth in G. roeseli, parasitised individuals being mainly found in floating materials whereas uninfected ones were widespread throughout the sampled habitats. Second, to test if these changes also affect the risk for P. minutus to be ingested by non-hosts, we estimated the predation risk experienced by G. roeseli within the macro-invertebrate community. The habitat overlap between potential invertebrate predators and G. roeseli showed that the spatial probability of encounter was lower for P. minutus-infected amphipods than for uninfected conspecifics. For the first time, to our knowledge, a study used ecological tools to bring field evidence for the spatial avoidance of dead-end predators in a manipulated amphipod.     

硫丹对蚯蚓存活、生长和肠胃线粒体超微结构的影响

通过人工土壤法对蚯蚓进行14d的急性暴露,研究了硫丹对蚯蚓存活、生长的影响;试验结束后,从硫丹剂量为0.5mg·kg-1和5 mg·kg-1的处理中挑选蚯蚓制作超薄切片,观察肠、胃部线粒体超微结构的变化.结果表明,硫丹对蚯蚓有较强的毒性作用,14d的LC50为6.52mg·kg-1.试验期间硫丹对蚯蚓的生长有显著的抑制作用,生长抑制率随硫丹剂量和暴露时间增加而增大.蚯蚓肠胃部的线粒体对硫丹有较强的敏感性,在非致死剂量下超微结构的损伤程度随硫丹剂量增加而加重.     

人工纳米材料富勒烯（C60）低剂量长期暴露对鲫鱼的氧化伤害

为更好地判断人工纳米材料(富勒烯,C60)对水生生物的潜在健康危害,以鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)幼鱼为受试生物,研究了低剂量C60(0.04～1.0 mg·L-1)长期(32 d)暴露对鲫鱼的氧化伤害.结果表明,各实验组中鲫鱼幼鱼脑、肝脏、鳃组织中的还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量都发生显著降低(p＜0.05),其中1 mg·L-1 nC60,aq的暴露对鳃组织GSH含量的抑制率为14.3%,高于对鱼脑、肝脏组织中的抑制率;肝脏组织中过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,以及鳃组织中Na -K -ATP酶活性均被显著激活,其最大活性分别是对照的121.34%(0.04 mg·L-1暴露组)、114.80%(0.04 mg·L-1暴露组)和348.59%(0.20mg·L-1暴露组).实验结果揭示,长期暴露引起机体组织的氧化应激可能是水环境中C60的致毒机制之一.     

PBS基共聚物及其模拟降解产物对赤子爱胜蚓急性生态毒性的研究

采用滤纸接触法和自然土壤法,通过急性毒性实验分别研究了20℃时不同分子量PBS（聚丁二酸丁二醇酯poly（butylene succinate））基聚合物及其模拟降解产物二元酸、二元醇对赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）的存活和生长的影响。研究结果表明：48 h内二元酸、二元醇质量浓度在低于3 400 mg.L-1时对蚯蚓的存活没有影响,滤纸接触法测得丁二酸、己二酸、1,4-丁二醇、1,6-己二醇对蚯蚓的LC50分别为：3 523、3 402、74 907、18 160 mg.L-1;在自然土壤实验中,相比空白实验,蚯蚓在含有不同分子量、不同质量分数的PBS及PBS-co-HS、PBS-co-BA土壤中经过14 d的培养,体质量明显增加,且所有的蚯蚓没有任何病状或伤口出现。以上结果表明PBS基聚合物对该物种是安全的。     

三氯生对水生生物的毒性效应研究进展

三氯生(TCS)作为一种广谱抗菌剂,在个人护理品中的广泛应用,将使其不可避免地释放到水环境中.随着在河流、湖泊、河口系统等水环境以及水生生物体内检测到TCS,TCS对于水生生物的生态毒理效应引起了学者们的广泛关注.本文概述了TCS在水环境及水生生物体内的赋存状况,归纳总结了TCS对水生生物的急性毒性、亚急性毒性、酶及基因毒性、内分泌干扰性及其降解产物毒性,最后展望了TCS对水生生物的生态毒理效应这一研究领域的发展方向.     

过一硫酸盐降解毒死蜱

本研究采用过一硫酸盐降解有机磷农药毒死蜱,系统地考察了降解过程的动力学、降解产物、降解机制及其生态毒性风险.结果表明,过一硫酸盐能有效降解水溶液中的毒死蜱.过一硫酸盐降解毒死蜱的体系中起作用的不是SO₄^·-和·OH等活性自由基,而是过一硫酸盐本身.提高过一硫酸盐投加量会促进毒死蜱的降解;碱性条件有利于其去除过程;离子强度的升高会抑制毒死蜱的降解;腐殖酸的存在也会抑制毒死蜱的降解,但其仅在高腐殖酸浓度时呈现明显的抑制作用.产物鉴定表明,过一硫酸盐直接降解毒死蜱主要有去乙基化、PS的氧化和C—O的断裂3条途径.经ECOSAR生态毒性模型预测发现毒死蜱的降解产物对鱼、水蚤和绿藻的生物毒性均低于毒死蜱母体.研究表明,过一硫酸盐可以作为水处理中降解毒死蜱的有效手段,为去除水体中毒死蜱的实际应用提供了可行性依据.     

Meter-scale variation within a single transect demands attention to taxon accumulation curves in riverine microbiome studies

● Riverine microbiomes exhibited hyperlocal variation within a single transect. ● Certain family-level taxa directionally associated with river center and bank. ● Taxon accumulation curves within a transect urges more nuanced sampling design. Microbial communities inhabiting river ecosystems play crucial roles in global biogeochemical cycling and pollution attenuation. Spatial variations in local microbial assemblages are important for detailed understanding of community assembly and developing robust biodiversity sampling strategies. Here, we intensely analyzed twenty water samples collected from a one-meter spaced transect from the near-shore to the near-center in the Meramec River in eastern Missouri, USA and examined the microbial community composition with 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Riverine microbiomes across the transect exhibited extremely high similarity, with Pearson’s correlation coefficients above 0.9 for all pairwise community composition comparisons. However, despite the high similarity, PERMANOVA revealed significant spatial differences between near-shore and near-center communities (p = 0.001). Sloan’s neutral model simulations revealed that within-transect community composition variation was largely explained by demographic stochasticity (R² = 0.89). Despite being primarily explained by neutral processes, LefSe analyses also revealed taxa from ten families of which relative abundances differed directionally from the bank to the river center, indicating an additional role of environmental filtering. Notably, the local variations within a river transect can have profound impacts on the documentation of alpha diversity. Taxon-accumulation curves indicated that even twenty samples did not fully saturate the sampling effort at the genus level, yet four, six and seven samples were able to capture 80% of the phylum-level, family-level, and genus-level diversity, respectively. This study for the first time reveals hyperlocal variations in riverine microbiomes and their assembly mechanisms, demanding attention to more robust sampling strategies for documenting microbial diversity in riverine systems.