燃料燃烧排放系数的确定和估算方法

大气污染物的排放量主要与燃料种类及燃烧方式有关。鉴于目前仍未有一套针对不同燃料及不同燃烧方式而设计的燃料燃烧排放系数 ,现以广州市为研究对象 ,采用 5种不同的方法 ,得出一套适用于各种燃料及不同燃烧方式的排放系数 ,使得通过燃料消耗量推算大气污染物排放量更方便、更准确。     

Real-world fuel consumption of light-duty passenger vehicles using on-board diagnostic (OBD) systems

• Fuel consumption (FC) from LDPVs is measured using on-board diagnostic method (OBD). • The FC of the OBD is 7.1% lower than that of the carbon balance results. • The discrepancy between the approved FC and real-world FC is 13%±18%. • There is a strong relationship (R²=0.984) between the average speed and relative FC. An increasing discrepancy between real-world and type-approval fuel consumption for light-duty passenger vehicles (LDPVs) has been reported by several studies. Normally, real-world fuel consumption is measured primarily by a portable emission measurement system. The on-board diagnostic (OBD) approach, which is flexible and offers high-resolution data collection, is a promising fuel consumption monitoring method. Three LDPVs were tested with a laboratory dynamometer based on a type-approval cycle, the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC). Fuel consumption was measured by the OBD and constant-volume sampling system (CVS, a regulatory method) to verify the accuracy of the OBD values. The results of the OBD method and the regulatory carbon balance method exhibited a strong linear correlation (e.g., R² = 0.906-0.977). Compared with the carbon balance results, the fuel consumption results using the OBD were 7.1%±4.3% lower on average. Furthermore, the real-world fuel consumption of six LDPVs was tested in Beijing using the OBD. The results showed that the normalized NEDC real-world fuel consumption of the tested vehicles was 13%±17% higher than the type-approval-based fuel consumption. Because the OBD values are lower than the actual fuel consumption, using a carbon balance method may result in a larger discrepancy between real-word and type-approval fuel consumption. By means of the operating mode binning and micro trip methods, a strong relationship (R² = 0.984) was established between the average speed and relative fuel consumption. For congested roads (average vehicle speed less than 25 km/h), the fuel consumption of LDPVs is highly sensitive to changes in average speed.     

Market equilibrium and welfare effects of a fuel tax in China: The impact of consumers' response through driving patterns

We investigate the market equilibrium and welfare effects of a fuel tax in China relative to an alternative policy instrument that rations the number of new automobile sales through auctioned quotas. Unlike those of previous studies, our modeling approach incorporates both household car purchase and utilization decisions, the latter of which have been ignored in previous studies on China's fuel tax. Ignoring this margin of choice will underestimate the fuel tax's ability to mitigate externalities. Using detailed household-level panel data and a fixed effects econometric specification, we estimate the fuel price elasticity of vehicle miles traveled is −0.59 on average. The results of the counterfactual analysis suggest that a 51% increase in tax-inclusive gasoline prices will reduce car sales by 24.9% but increase social welfare to a degree that depends on vehicles' lifetime. We find that compared to auctioned quotas, the fuel tax results in greater car sales but higher social welfare.     

基于轻型汽油车的燃油蒸发控制系统泄漏测试研究

在某特大城市机动车检验站筛选了123台轻型汽油车,依据《汽油车污染物排放限值及测量方法（双怠速法及简易工况法）》（GB 18285—2018）开展燃油蒸发控制系统泄漏测试,定量研究典型车型的燃油蒸发系统的现状及泄漏原因。结果表明,由于燃油系统硬管连接或碳罐遮挡造成无法进行后续泄漏测试的车辆约占14%;油箱盖加压测试合格率为95%;不合格车辆主要为10 a以上老旧车辆,合格车辆中加压损失与年均行驶里程（VKT）呈正相关,VKT每增加1 000 km,油箱盖压力损失约为9.9 Pa;加油口加压测试显示,各排放阶段（除国六外）的合格率为44%~75%。     

北京西山森林潜在火行为及防火林带有效宽度分布研究

可燃物类型及其栽量分布是决定林火行为的重要因素.以北京西山试验林场魏家村分场为研究区域,根据样地调查和森林清查数据对可燃物类型进行分类,并对可燃物载量的空间分布进行研究.根据历史气象数据确定当地平均最大风速平均值为3.6m/s,平均最大风速的最大值为14m/s,在此情景下,结合DEM数据和可燃物数据对研究区域的林火强度进行计算,并对防火林带的有效参数进行确定.     

Variability of fuel consumption and CO2 emissions of a gasoline passenger car under multiple in-laboratory and on-road testing conditions

An increasing divergence regarding fuel consumption(and/or CO₂ emissions) between realworld and type-approval values for light-duty gasoline vehicles(LDGVs) has posed severe challenges to mitigating greenhouse gases(GHGs) and achieving carbon emissions peak and neutrality. To address this divergence issue, laboratory test cycles with more real-featured and transient traffic patterns have been developed recently, for example, the China Lightduty Vehicle Test Cycle for Passenger cars(CL...     

油母页岩干馏煤气脱硫工艺的选择

针对页岩炼油厂生产工艺和二氧化硫的产生量，提出了煤气干法和湿法脱硫工艺，并对这两种工艺在原理和适用性方面进行了对比，认为湿法脱硫更适合于该厂的实际情况，经对湿法脱硫的投资费用进行的估算结果显示，该厂采用湿法脱硫技术将会带来明显的环境效益和社会效益。     

Migratory fuelling in blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) under perceived risk of predation

It has been argued that the body mass levels achieved by birds are determined by the trade-off between risks of starvation and predation. Birds have also been found to reduce body mass in response to an increased predation risk. During migration, the need of extra fuel for flights is obvious and crucial. In this study, migratory blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) were subject to an experimental stopover situation where the predation risk was manipulated by exposure to a stuffed predator. Blackcaps that perceived an imminent risk of predation increased their food intake and fuel deposition rate during the first period of stopover compared with a control group. The pattern of night activity indicates that birds that were exposed to the predator also chose to leave earlier than birds in the control group. Since there was no cover present at the stopover site, birds might have perceived the risk of predation as higher regardless of whether they were foraging or not. Under such circumstances it has been predicted that birds should increase their foraging activity. The findings in this study clearly indicate that birds are able to adjust their stopover behaviour to perceived predation risk. Received: 8 January 1997 / Accepted after revision: 11 April 1997     

燃料电池汽车燃料储运方案经济性分析

综合案例研究结果，结合氢气、甲醇在不同储运方式时的成本，从固定设计成本、尾气排放、燃料价格、汽车造价4个方面比较了氢气、甲醇、汽油3种燃料电池汽车的经济性。结果表明：（1）直接氢燃料电池是燃料电池汽车的首选动力；（2）天然气重整制氢是目前氢燃料电池汽车获得燃料优先考虑的方式；（3）高压氢气、液氢是当前燃料电池汽车的首选燃料。     

Fuel substitution in sub-Saharan Africa

Deforestation and decline in agricultural productivity are major concerns over large parts of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the principal causes for both these phenomena is the export of woodfuels from rural agroecosystems to urban markets. This process is noteworthy because of the size of the trade. Wood fuels (fuelwood, charcoal, and agricultural residues) constitute the most important source of energy in these countries, varying from 60% to 95% of total energy consumption. In terms of the environmental impact of the fuelwood trade, solutions typically considered are the introduction of improved cookstoves, fuelwood plantations, and fuel substitution by conventional fuels. This article examines the structure of the fuelwood problem, reviews the successes and failures of past experiences, and focuses on the potential for fuel substitution as an option to reduce the urban demand for fuelwood.