Episodes of incivility between subordinates and supervisors: examining the role of self‐control and time with an interaction‐record diary study

Scholars have hypothesized that experiencing incivility not only negatively affects well‐being, but may even trigger further antisocial behavior. Previous research, however, has focused mainly on the relation between incivility and well‐being. Thus, little is known about the behavioral consequences of incivility. With this in mind, we conducted an interaction‐record diary study to examine whether supervisor incivility causes retaliatory incivility against the supervisor. Using the self‐control strength model as a framework, we further examined whether the target's trait (trait self‐control) and state (exhaustion) self‐regulatory capacities moderate this effect. In addition, we examined the role of time by testing the duration of the effect. When we analyzed the full data set, we found no support for our hypotheses. However, using a subset of the data in which the subsequent interaction happened on the same day as the prior interaction, our results showed that experiencing incivility predicted incivility in the subsequent interaction, but only when the time lag between the two interactions was short. Furthermore, in line with the assumption that self‐regulatory capacities are required to restrain a target from retaliatory responses, the effect was stronger when individuals were exhausted. In contrast to our assumption, trait self‐control had no effect on instigated incivility. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of Bilateral Thoracic Loading on the Near-Side Occupant Due to Occupant-to-Occupant Interaction in Vehicle Crash Tests

Objective: This study aims, by means of the WorldSID 50th percentile male, to evaluate thoracic loading and injury risk to the near-side occupant due to occupant-to-occupant interaction in combination with loading from an intruding structure.

Method: Nine vehicle crash tests were performed with a 50th percentile WorldSID male dummy in the near-side (adjacent to the intruding structure) seat and a THOR or ES2 dummy in the far-side (opposite the intruding structure) seat. The near-side seated WorldSID was equipped with 6 + 6 IR-Traccs (LH and RH) in the thorax/abdomen enabling measurement of bilateral deflection. To differentiate deflection caused by the intrusion, and the deflection caused by the neighboring occupant, time history curves were analyzed. The crash tests were performed with different modern vehicles, equipped with thorax side airbags and inflatable curtains, ranging from a compact car to a large sedan, and in different loading conditions such as car-to-car, barrier, and pole tests. Lateral delta V based on vehicle tunnel acceleration and maximum residual intrusion at occupant position were used as a measurement of crash severity to compare injury measurements.

Result: In the 9 vehicle crash tests, thoracic loading, induced by the intruding structure as well as from the far-side occupant, varied due to the size and structural performance of the car as well as the severity of the crash. Peak deflection on the thoracic outboard side occurred during the first 50 ms of the event. Between 70 to 150 ms loading induced by the neighboring occupant occurred and resulted in an inboard-side peak deflection and viscous criterion. In the tests where the target vehicle lateral delta V was below 30 km/h and intrusion less than 200 mm, deflections were low on both the outboard (20–40 mm) and inboard side (10–15 mm). At higher crash severities, delta V 35 km/h and above as well as intrusions larger than 350 mm, the inboard deflections (caused by interaction to the far-side occupant) were of the same magnitude or even higher (30–70 mm) than the outboard deflections (30–50 mm).

Conclusion: A WorldSID 50th percentile male equipped with bilateral IR-Traccs can detect loading to the thorax from a neighboring occupant making injury risk assessment feasible for this type of loading. At crash severities resulting in a delta V above 35 km/h and intrusions larger than 350 mm, both the inboard deflection and VC resulted in high risks of Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 3+ injury, especially for a senior occupant.     

潮白河河道现场淋溶试验

南水北调水进京后部分水源将通过潮白河河道人工回灌至地下储存,以涵养严重亏损的地下水资源.为研究回灌过程中的水岩相互作用,本研究在潮白河河道开展了现场淋溶试验,通过测试分析K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO-3、Cl-、SO2-4、NH3-N、NO2-N、NO3-N、F-、溶解性总固体、总硬度、p H值等水质指标的变化特征,从水岩相互作用的角度探讨了水质变化机理,为南水北调水资源的合理利用提供技术支撑.试验结果表明,回灌水源在包气带介质运移过程中物理淋溶现象显著,试验过程中发生了阳离子交换吸附作用、氨氮解析和硝化作用等一系列的化学反应.     

改性生物炭修复砷镉复合污染土壤研究进展

砷镉复合污染(As/Cd污染)已成为我国主要的土壤环境问题,改性生物炭作为一种吸附固定剂在修复土壤As/Cd污染中正发挥日益重要的作用.在明确原始生物炭作为钝化剂修复As/Cd污染土壤局限性的基础上,综述了针对As/Cd污染土壤修复的生物炭改性方法研究进展,分析了相关作用机制,并对未来利用改性生物炭修复As/Cd污染土壤的前景和存在问题进行展望.结果表明,金属改性生物炭具有较好的协同修复As/Cd污染土壤的效应,从而具有良好的应用前景.通过不同改性方法制备的生物炭材料修复As/Cd污染的固定机制各异,其中,金属改性和无机非金属改性生物炭对As/Cd的固定作用主要涉及官能团配位、共沉淀和As氧化还原;微生物改性生物炭涉及沉淀作用和As氧化还原;物理和酸改性方法则局限于物理吸附和弱静电引力.针对当前研究现状,建议未来应加强生物质原料类型、热解温度、制备工艺、经济成本和土壤老化等因素对改性生物炭修复As/Cd污染土壤的影响研究,实施不同因素影响下材料对重金属固定的稳定性和长效性评估,揭示材料修复As/Cd污染土壤的关键作用机制.     

基于响应曲面法的有效抽采半径多因素交互影响机制研究*

为探究钻孔有效抽采半径的关键影响因素及各因素间交互作用,构建应力应变-瓦斯吸附解吸耦合渗透率变化模型,采用COMSOL软件进行数值模拟,分析单一因素变化对钻孔有效抽采半径的影响,并通过Design-Expert软件设计响应曲面试验,分析多因素交互作用对钻孔有效抽采半径变化的影响机制,获得有效抽采半径对多因素交互影响的响应曲面模型。研究结果表明:不同因素对钻孔有效抽采半径影响的显著性顺序为:煤层初始渗透率、原始瓦斯压力、抽采时间,煤层初始渗透率和抽采时间与有效抽采半径呈正相关关系,原始瓦斯压力与有效抽采半径呈负相关。1个影响因素的变化会影响其他因素对有效抽采半径的影响,煤层初始渗透率能够放大其他因素对有效抽采半径的影响,而原始瓦斯压力则会降低其他因素对有效抽采半径的影响。     

海底热液系统微生物活动与地球化学的耦合作用评述

热液系统微生物能适应海底极端环境,通过化能合成自养过程,利用多种无机能量生长繁殖。海底热液生态系统的运转主要依靠地球化学和矿物学体系维持,热液系统地球化学和微生物活动之间存在着紧密的耦合关系。一方面,硫化物矿物、金属离子和溶解气体为热液体系微生物的生存和繁殖提供所需能源、碳源和微量元素。热液生态系统的生产力和群落结构在很大程度上受制于地球化学能量向有机体的转移过程。另一方面,微生物对热液流体化学和矿物学也产生重要的影响,生命对热液系统无机部分的改造同样不可忽视。作为一种"复杂的地质生物体系",海底热液体系中各种有机和无机单元是通过多种生化控制和反馈作用相互联系起来的。本文评述了海底热液系统中微生物活动与无机环境相互作用研究的若干进展。     

北京西山国家森林公园中空气负离子浓度与气象因子的相关性研究

空气负离子(Negative air ions,NAI)是城市空气质量的重要指标之一,揭示城市森林释放NAI的影响机制,有助于充分利用NAI的净化作用及保健作用,并判断空气质量.利用北京西山国家森林公园2017年9月—2018年8月的NAI和气象数据,深入探究不同季节条件下和典型天气下影响空气负离子浓度(NAIC)的气...     

外源锌对不同番茄品种抗氧化酶活性、镉积累及化学形态的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了重金属Cd(10 mg·kg-1)污染下,叶面喷施不同浓度Zn(0、50、100、200和400μmol·L-1)对2个番茄品种‘4641’和‘渝粉109’生长、抗氧化酶活性及番茄果实Cd形态和积累量的影响.结果表明,喷施Zn后,番茄根、茎、果实干质量和植株总干质量以及体内Cd含量和积累量在2个品种之间的差异达到了显著水平(p0.05).外源Zn(≤200μmol·L-1)提高了2个番茄品种的果实、根、茎、叶及总干质量.随Zn浓度的增加,2个品种根CAT活性以及‘渝粉109’根POD活性先增加然后降低;2个品种根SOD活性则呈先降后升再降趋势.番茄果实中各形态Cd含量的顺序为:残渣态Cd(FR)盐酸提取态Cd(FHCl)氯化钠提取态Cd(FNaCl)乙醇提取态Cd(FE)醋酸提取态Cd(FHA c)去离子水提取态(FW).适量的Zn(≤200μmol·L-1)减少了2个番茄品种果实中各形态Cd含量,但高量Zn(400μmol·L-1)增加了‘渝粉109’果实中的FE、FR和‘4641’果实中FHCl及FR含量.Cd积累量为叶茎根或果实.叶面喷施Zn使番茄根、茎、叶和果实中的Cd含量分别降低了18.6%~41.7%、10.6%~36.7%、5.8%~21.5%和2.3%~12.7%.供试2个番茄品种,无论喷Zn与否,果实Cd含量和果实Cd积累量均为‘4641’‘渝粉109’,植株Cd总积累量则为‘4641’‘渝粉109’.     

聚马来酸酐树脂的制备及其对水中环丙沙星的吸附行为和机制

通过沉淀聚合法合成聚马来酸酐树脂(Polymaleic Anhydride Resin,PMA),采用扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、比表面分析(BET)和热重(TG)分析对PMA进行了表征.同时,利用PMA对水中环丙沙星(CPX)进行吸附去除,系统研究了原料配比、PMA投加量、pH、离子强度和温度等因素对C...     

长江河口区水体的锶同位素地球化学--对水与沉积物相互作用过程的反映

为了解长江河口区的水体混合过程和水与沉积物或颗粒物的相互作用过程,对长江河口水的87Sr/86Sr及Sr元素浓度进行了测定,结果显示:与世界河流平均值(Sr为78μg/L,87Sr/86Sr为0.7119)相比,长江水具有明显的高Sr(130μg/L)低87Sr/86Sr比值(0.7105)的特点。在长江口水体混合过程中,锶同位素没有象其它河口那样显示简单的两端员理想混合模式,而是在距河口约30～40km的地点出现87Sr/86Sr的突然升高,水体悬浮颗粒物(SPM)浓度也在同一区域出现升高现象。这可能是该区水体和沉积物相互作用比较强烈而引起沉积物与上覆水体发生物质交换。