2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚对大型溞的毒性效应

以实验室培养的大型溞为受试生物,进行了2,2’,4,4’-四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)对大型溞的48h急性毒性实验和21d慢性毒性实验,并研究了暴露在不同质量浓度和处理时间的BDE-47中,大型溞的抗氧化酶系中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)的酶活性变化。结果表明,BDE-47对大型溞的48h的半致死浓度为1.04mg·L-1,属于高毒物质;在BDE-47慢性毒性实验低浓度处理组中,大型溞的体长及繁殖能力受到了抑制,而高浓度处理组中大型溞的体长及繁殖能力上升,其中第一次产仔数和产卵总数是表征BDE-47慢性毒性的最灵敏参数。随着BDE-47浓度的增加,大型溞SOD和GST活性均呈现出低浓度诱导高浓度抑制的现象。SOD和GST均表现出一定的敏感性,但相对SOD,GST对BDE-47暴露更为敏感。     

四溴双酚-A污染对颤蚓的氧化胁迫及毒性

在实验室模拟条件下分别采用动、静态生物慢性实验的方法,研究了不同浓度的四溴双酚-A(Tetrabromobisphenol A, TBBPA)对颤蚓(Monopylephorus limosus)体内抗氧化酶系统及相Ⅱ结合酶系统活性的影响以及颤蚓暴露于单一浓度的TBBPA后,其体内抗氧化酶系统的活性随时间的响应.结果表明,暴露 8d 后,颤蚓体内SOD的活性发生显著变化,变化趋势明显分为升高、降低、再升高3阶段,在0.05ms/L时SOD的活性被最大诱导(p<0.01),达到对照组的7.8倍,各浓度组SOD的活性均显著高于对照组,由对照组的1.5倍到对照组的7.8倍;同时, CAT的活性变化则呈升高、降低、再升高、再降低4阶段,0.5mg/L时其活性达到最大值(p<0.01),除0.005mg/L和0.25mg/L浓度组CAT活性受抑制外,其余浓度组CAT的活性均高于对照组,由对照组的1.1倍到1.9倍,染毒浓度为0.25ms/L时, GST的活性达到最大诱导(p<0.01),其活性先缓慢上升后下降,并且各处理组GST的活性均显著高于对照组(p<0.05).在单一浓度TBBPA污染暴露的10d时间内,颤蚓体内SOD的活性变化趋势形成了一个变形的"M" 形曲线,在第3d时其活性达到最大诱导,而CAT活性的变化则表现为一个不规则的"N"形曲线,在第5d,时其活性达到最大诱导,并且SOD的活性比CAT的活性受时间的影响小,相对来说更稳定.可见, SOD与GST的活性变化似乎更能反映出TBBPA对颤蚓的污染效应及其毒性作用,而SOD的活性变化似乎更为灵敏,但是二者能否作为指示TBBPA污染的生物标志物尚需进一步研究.     

Antioxidant enzymatic activities and lipid peroxidation in liver and ovary of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to deltamethrin

Deltamethrin (DM) is being used as a substitute for organochlorines and organophosphates in pest control because of its low environmental persistence and toxicity. But it has become an environmental contaminant as it has been used widely. In this study, we investigated the effect of DM (technical grade) on the antioxidant system of adult zebrafish. For this, six-month-old fish were exposed to 2, 4 and 6?μg/L of DM for 96?h. The tissues selected were liver and ovary. Our data showed that exposure to DM increases CAT (catalase), SOD (superoxide dismutase), GPx (glutathione peroxidase, antioxidant enzymes), LPO (lipid peroxidation, non-enzymatic antioxidant) and GST (glutathione S-transferase, detoxifying enzyme) in liver and ovary. Increased GST could detoxify the toxicant; still there could be enough DM to cause oxidative stress. It appears from our study that zebrafish used compensatory mechanisms in eliminating reactive oxygen species. These data will be useful as oxidative stress is being used as a biomarker for aquatic pollution.     

水体营养水平对奥尼罗非鱼消化酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性及控藻效果的影响

将奥尼罗非鱼分别投放到富营养、中营养和贫营养水体中,研究其消化酶和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性及控藻效果.富营养水体中奥尼罗非鱼消化酶活性均值最低,富营养水体中胃及肠中蛋白酶活性显著低于中营养和贫营养水体(p<0.05),3种水体中胃及肠中淀粉酶活性没有显著差异(p>0.05).富营养、中营养和贫营养水体中罗非鱼谷胱甘肽S-...     

不同价态无机砷对罗非鱼肝脏砷积累及GSH/GST解毒代谢的影响

低剂量中长期暴露下的氧化胁迫是砷对水生生物致毒的重要机制之一。本文通过对罗非鱼进行32 d的食物相砷暴露,测定不同时间点罗非鱼肝脏中谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)含量和谷胱甘肽巯基转移酶(glutathione S-transferase,GST)活性,揭示不同价态无机砷对罗非鱼肝脏中GSH/GST的影响机制。经三价砷(As(III))暴露后,砷含量在2 d内显著增加而在随后的30 d内无显著性差异; 0～2 d内GSH含量显著增加,后降低,13 d后GSH含量均低于空白组; 0～6 d GST活性均大于空白组,6～8 d GST活性降低,8 d后活性高于空白组,且32 d达到最大值。经五价砷(As(V))暴露后,罗非鱼肝脏中砷含量逐渐增加,在20 d时达到最大值而后无显著性差异; 0～2 d时GSH含量降低,随后逐渐增加,在16 d达到最大值,16 d后GSH含量均低于空白组; 0～8 d时GST被大量诱导合成,8～20 d时GST合成被抑制,20 d后活性增加,在32 d达到最大值。As(III)和As(V)对罗非鱼GSH/GST的不同影响与其在罗非鱼体内的积累量有关。As(III)暴露后各时间点罗非鱼肝脏中的砷含量与GSH含量呈统计学正相关,而As(V)暴露无明显相关性。这是因为As(V)进入罗非鱼肝脏后会还原为As(III),进而GSH作为可提供巯基的还原剂而被大量消耗。另外,As(III)暴露后各时间点罗非鱼肝脏中的砷含量与GST活性呈显著负相关,而As(V)暴露却呈现出很强的滞后性,这是由于进入生物体内的As(V)需转化为As(III)后,才可直接作用于酶系统。可见,不同形态砷对水生生物的致毒机制需进一步深入研究。     

镉对黑斑蛙精巢细胞色素P450酶及谷胱甘肽转移酶活性的影响

细胞色素P450酶(CYP450)和谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)是动物体内主要的解毒酶,在外源毒物的转化和代谢过程中具有重要作用.本文在实验条件下, 将健康性成熟黑斑蛙(Rana nigromaculata)暴露于浓度分别为0.005、0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5和1.0 mg·L^-1的Cd溶液中30 d, 采用荧光分光光度法和紫外分光光度法测定精巢组织乙氧基异酚恶唑脱乙基酶(EROD)、红霉素N-脱甲基酶 (ERND)、氨基比林-N-脱甲基醇酶(APND)和谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)活性,探讨Cd在精巢的可能代谢过程和毒性机理.结果表明, 与对照组比较, EROD和GST酶活性在0.5和1.0 mg·L^-1 Cd处理组被显著抑制; ERND酶活性在0.01~1.0 mg·L^-1 Cd处理组均被显著抑制;而APND酶活性在各处理组响应变化不明显.结果显示, 精巢EROD、ERND和GST对Cd胁迫的敏感性高于APND, 黑斑蛙精巢中EROD、ERND和GST酶活性的响应可用来评价环境中低水平Cd的污染效应.     

多溴联苯醚胁迫下鲫鱼肝脏微粒体CYP3A1和GST的响应

以鲫鱼Carassius auratus Linn.为试验鱼类,研究了其暴露于不同质量浓度的2,2',4,4'-四溴联苯醚(PBDE-47)和十溴联苯醚(PBDE-209)后鱼肝微粒体中CYP3A1和GST酶活性的动态变化.结果表明,鲫鱼在0.10～5.00 mg·L-1的PBDE-47和5.00～50.0 mg·L-1的PBDE-209中暴露15 d后,除0.10 mg·L-1PBDE-47、5.00 mg·L-1和10.0 mg·L-1PBDE-209试验组外,其余各试验组的鱼肝微粒体中CYP3A1被诱导,呈显著的剂量.效应关系.CYP3A1的活性随着作用时间的延续而上升,到试验第15天时达到最高,但上升速率最快的阶段为试验的第0-5天.而GST酶则表现出不同的特点,呈先升高后降低的趋势.经过15 d试验,除0.10 mg·L-1PBDE.47和5.00 mg·L-1PBDE-209以外的各试验组鲫鱼肝脏微粒体中的GST活性仅为对照组的12.74%～85.35%,表明PBDEs已对鱼体肝脏GST产生了较为严重的影响.研究表明,鱼类肝脏微粒体中CYP3A1和GST酶可作为污染生物标志物来评价PBDEs的早期污染毒理效应.     

In vivo effects of acute administration of potassium tetranitrodiammine cobaltate(III) on rat erythrocytes

Potassium tetranitrodiammine cobaltate(III) K[Co(NH₃)₂(NO₂)₄] is a coordination complex having Co(III) as the central atom. Cobalt(III) compounds are being advocated for their anticarcinogenic potential. In the present study, we have for the first time evaluated this compound for its toxicity to rat RBC. The parameters studied include the effects of potassium tetranitrodiammine cobaltate(III) on GSH, GST, catalase, G6PD, acid phosphatase, GOT, and GPT. Scanning electron microscopy of RBCs of potassium tetranitrodiammine cobaltate(III) treated rats has also been carried out for evaluating its influence on the red cell morphology. The data showed that potassium tetranitrodiammine cobaltate(III) treatment causes marked biochemical changes in the rat RBCs along with changes in their shapes characterized by the formation of acanthocytes. The results thus suggest that acute administration of potassium tetranitrodiammine cobaltate(III) is potentially toxic to rat RBCs.     

Induction to oxidative stress by saxitoxin investigated through lipid peroxidation in Neuro 2A cells and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii alga

Saxitoxin (STX) is a cyanotoxin, which can cause neurotoxic effects and induce ecological changes in aquatic environments, a potential risk to public and environmental health. Many studies of cytotoxicity on animal cells and algae have been performed, although few compare the toxic effects between the two models. In this sense, we investigated the oxidative stress induced by STX (0.4-3.0 nM) in two different cellular models: Neuro-2A (N2A) cells and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii alga by quantification of malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as indicative of lipid peroxidation (LPO). Also was evaluated the antioxidant defense of these cells systems after exposure to STX by the addition of antioxidants in N2A cells culture, and by the measure of antioxidants enzymes activity in C. reinhardtii cells. The MDA levels of N2A cells increased from 15% to 113% for 0.4 and 3.0 nM of STX, respectively, as compared to control. Superoxide-dismutase and catalase did not appear to protect the cell from STX effect while, in cells treated with vitamin E, the rates of MDA production decreased significantly, except for higher concentrations of STX. No MDA productions were observed in algal cells however some effects on antioxidant enzymes activity were observed when algae were exposed to 3.0 nM STX. Our results indicate that the concentrations of STX that may induce oxidative stress through LPO are different in animal and phytoplankton communities. A combination of algal and animal bioassays should be conducted for reliable assessment of oxidative stress induced by STX.