A partially coupled, fraction-by-fraction modelling approach to the subsurface migration of gasoline spills

The subsurface spreading behaviour of gasoline, as well as several other common soil- and groundwater pollutants (e.g. diesel, creosote), is complicated by the fact that it is a mixture of hundreds of different constituents, behaving differently with respect to e.g. dissolution, volatilisation, adsorption and biodegradation. Especially for scenarios where the non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) phase is highly mobile, such as for sudden spills in connection with accidents, it is necessary to simultaneously analyse the migration of the NAPL and its individual components in order to assess risks and environmental impacts. Although a few fully coupled, multi-phase, multi-constituent models exist, such models are highly complex and may be time consuming to use. A new, somewhat simplified methodology for modelling the subsurface migration of gasoline while taking its multi-constituent nature into account is therefore introduced here. Constituents with similar properties are grouped together into eight fractions. The migration of each fraction in the aqueous and gaseous phases as well as adsorption is modelled separately using a single-constituent multi-phase flow model, while the movement of the free-phase gasoline is essentially the same for all fractions. The modelling is done stepwise to allow updating of the free-phase gasoline composition at certain time intervals. The output is the concentration of the eight different fractions in the aqueous, gaseous, free gasoline and solid phases with time. The approach is evaluated by comparing it to a fully coupled multi-phase, multi-constituent numerical simulator in the modelling of a typical accident-type spill scenario, based on a tanker accident in northern Sweden. Here the PCFF method produces results similar to those of the more sophisticated, fully coupled model. The benefit of the method is that it is easy to use and can be applied to any single-constituent multi-phase numerical simulator, which in turn may have different strengths in incorporating various processes. The results demonstrate that the different fractions have significantly different migration behaviours and although the methodology involves some simplifications, it is a considerable improvement compared to modelling the gasoline constituents completely individually or as one single mixture.     

甲基叔丁基醚和三羰基甲基戊基锰的毒理学比较

在汽油无铅化的进程中，甲基叔丁基醚和三羰基甲基戊基锰是两种主要的汽油添加剂。它们可有效地增加汽油的辛烷值，提高汽油的燃烧效率；同时，作为氧化剂，还可减少ＣＯ和其它有在物质的排放。但是，这两种物质会否给人体健康带来潜在的危害或影响，也日益引起广泛的关注。     

燃料电池汽车燃料储运方案经济性分析

综合案例研究结果，结合氢气、甲醇在不同储运方式时的成本，从固定设计成本、尾气排放、燃料价格、汽车造价4个方面比较了氢气、甲醇、汽油3种燃料电池汽车的经济性。结果表明：（1）直接氢燃料电池是燃料电池汽车的首选动力；（2）天然气重整制氢是目前氢燃料电池汽车获得燃料优先考虑的方式；（3）高压氢气、液氢是当前燃料电池汽车的首选燃料。     

废弃塑料裂解油化技术

综述了废弃塑料进行热裂解和催化裂解以获得聚合单体、柴油、汽油和燃料气的工艺原理、工艺流程和常用的裂解催化剂。指出裂解油化技术是今后处理废弃塑料的主要方式之一。     

汽油密闭液下装车与油气回收

着重探讨了我厂汽油密闭液下装车的现状，存在的问题及改进的措拖，论述了实现我厂汽油装车油气回收是减少汽油装车损耗的途径。     

Sensitivity analysis and optimization for gasoline vapor condensation recovery

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are easily evaporated and discharged from everywhere into the atmosphere, especially in various operations of gasoline. The emission of VOCs is always a significant environmental problem, and the control of VOCs pollution has been a hot topic in the field of air purification. In this paper, the condensation separation method for gasoline vapor recovery was investigated and four gasoline vapors of S1–S4 were selected for the sensitivity analysis and optimization of the condensation process, using the Model Analysis Tools from Aspen Plus. Generally, to control VOCs pollution efficiently, both the vapor recovery efficiency and the outlet vapor concentration of the condensation recovery system should be simultaneously considered. Then an optimized three-stage condensation process was proposed, whose condensation temperatures were optimized and designed at 1 °C, −40 °C and −110 °C, respectively. Further, based on the comprehensive consideration of both meeting the more strict VOCs emission standard and ensuring the condensation recovery system work stably and economically, it was recommended that the maximum total vapor recovery efficiencies for S1–S4 should be 99.73%, 99.79%, 99.82% and 99.19%, and the minimum outlet vapor concentrations be 2.87 g/m³, 2.75 g/m³, 3.04 g/m³ and 16.98 g/m³, respectively. Accordingly, the condensation temperature of the copious cooling stage should be set at −130 °C. Moreover, the total cooling duties for the single-stage and three-stage condensation processes were investigated and compared when the condensation temperature of the recovery system ranged from 20 °C to −110 °C. The total cooling duties of the three-stage condensation process for S1–S4 would be saved by 12.23%, 15.68%, 13.96% and 15.65%, respectively. Finally, a three-stage condensation system was developed for the industrial gasoline vapor recovery, which has performed well since its installation.     

土壤气相抽提去除土壤中汽油烃污染物柱试验研究

原位处理土壤石油污染对于土壤和地下水的有机污染控制具有极其重要的现实意义.通过砂土柱试验研究了原位物理通风的主要工艺形式及运行参数,并初步分析了汽油烃在砂土柱中的迁移和通风去除机制.结果表明,顶部真空抽提与底部注气两种通风方式相比,顶部真空抽提效果较好,砂土柱汽油烃初始质量浓度为2.937 mg/g时,经过104.5 h通风,砂土柱中汽油烃去除率达80.49%.土壤汽油烃初始浓度影响其在土壤中的迁移和去除,土壤汽油烃初始浓度越大,相同通风条件下,物理通风方法去除土壤中挥发性有机物的效率越低.通风及通风方式对砂土中的汽油烃的去除影响很大,连续通风可在砂土柱中形成稳定的负压环境,在汽油烃初始质量浓度为35.730 mg/g时,连续真空抽提264 h,砂土柱中的汽油烃平均去除率达89.29%;间歇通风在砂土柱中形成的负压环境不稳定,但也可以去除砂土柱中的汽油烃.初步分析认为,汽油烃存在负压作用下的向上挥发和重力作用下的向下迁移两个过程,其综合作用的结果导致汽油烃在砂土柱中的分布状况.