Preparation of cross-linked magnetic chitosan with quaternary ammonium and its application for Cr(VI) and P(V) removal

Pollutants that exist in anionic species are issues of concern in water treatment. Compared to cationic pollutants, the removal of anionic pollutants by adsorption is more difficult because most adsorbents carry predominantly negative charges in neutral and alkaline environments. In this study, a cross-linked chitosan derivative with quaternary ammonium and magnetic properties（QM-chitosan） was prepared and employed to remove chromium（VI） and phosphorus（V）（Cr（VI） and P（V）） from aqueous environments. The QM-chitosan was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry（FT-IR）,thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）, energy dispersive X-ray（SEM-EDX） and zeta potential.Batch experiments show that QM-chitosan can effectively remove Cr（VI） and P（V）, and the main mechanism was believed to be electrostatic interaction. A pseudosecond-order model was fitted to describe the kinetic processes of Cr（VI） and P（V） removal. The adsorption isotherms of both Cr（VI） and P（V） on the QM-chitosan were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm equation. The saturated adsorption capacity of P（V）（2.783 mmol/g） was found to be higher than that of Cr（VI）（2.323 mmol/g）, resulting from the size of the H2PO-4ions being smaller than that of the HCr O-4ions. However, the theoretical calculation and experimental results showed that QM-chitosan had a stronger affinity for Cr（VI） than P（V）. The adsorption–desorption of the QM-chitosan was evaluated, and high regeneration rates were demonstrated.     

Performance and microbial response during the fast reactivation of Anammox system by hydrodynamic stress control

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation （Anammox） has become a promising method for biological nitrogen removal. However, this biotechnology application is always limited due to the low growth rate and biomass yield of Anammox bacteria. This study investigated the process of fast reactivation of an Anammox consortium idled for 2 years uia hydrodynamic stress control. The results showed that the Anammox system was efficiently and quickly reactivated by shortening of the hydraulic retention time （I-IRT） of the reactor from 12 to 6 hr within 68 days of operation. Moreover, at a 4-hr HRT with an influent total nitrogen loading rate of 1.2 kg N/（m3.day）, the reactor maintained high biological performance with an ammonium removal loading rate of 0.52 kg N/（m3.day） and a nitrite removal rate of 0.59 kg N/（m3.day）. In the reactivated Anammox reaction, the stoichiometric coefficients of NH4-N to NOE-N and NH4-N to NO4-N were 1：1.04± 0.08 and 1：0.31 ± 0.03, respectively. The specific Anammox activity and hydrazine oxidoreductase activity, both of which represent the degree of Anammox bacteria present, increased as the hydrodynamic stress increased and were maximally （125.38 ± 3.01 mg N/（g VSS.day） and 339.42 ± 6.83 μmol/（min.g VSS）, respectively） at 4-hr HRT. Microbial response analysis showed that the dominant microbial community was obviously shifted and the dominance of Anammox bacteria was enhanced durinR the hydrodynamic selection.     

高含固率对高氮污泥厌氧消化产气的影响

在接种量20%和35℃条件下,采用2.5 L单相厌氧消化反应器对含固率(TS)为7%、10%、13%的三组高氮污泥进行厌氧消化实验,分析污泥在消化过程中各项指标的变化和产气情况。结果表明,15 d时系统顺利启动,污泥没有产生酸抑制现象,三组实验的单位挥发性固体(VS)产气量达到991 ml/g、1 354 ml/g和441 ml/g。TS 10%组运行较其他两组稳定。     

硫酸铵和硝酸铵对镇江市大气PM2.5理化性质的影响

近年来,无机盐尤其是硝酸盐对我国大气PM_2.5的贡献日益凸显,而其如何影响颗粒物的重要理化性质尚待深入研究.于2021年1~12月期间,在镇江市开展了连续观测,获得了大气PM_2.5中硫酸铵［（NH₄）₂SO₄）］和硝酸铵（NH₄NO₃）浓度,系统讨论了二者对颗粒物消光、吸湿增长和酸度的影响.结果表明,2021年镇江市ρ［（NH₄）₂SO₄］和ρ（NH₄NO₃）的年均值分别为（6.5±4.5）μg ·m^-3和（15.0±13.3）μg ·m^-3,对PM_2.5浓度的平均贡献率分别为（20.5±18.2）%和（34.5±18.4）%;PM_2.5的总消光系数为（224.5±194.2） Mm^-1,其中NH₄NO₃的贡献率为（40.1±20.9）%,（NH₄）₂SO₄为（19.1±10.8）%;（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃是PM_2.5吸湿增长的主要贡献者,在污染条件下NH₄NO₃对颗粒物液态水的贡献率为（53.8±13.4）%~（61.6±14.6）%;NH₄NO₃是未来镇江市能见度和空气质量改善的关键污染物,但削减NH₄NO₃前体物可能会导致颗粒物酸度增加,尤其对春冬季节颗粒物酸度的影响较为明显.研究结果对理解空气质量变化及二次影响具有重要意义,并对镇江市空气质量的持续改善提供了重要参考.     

低总氮浓度下Fe2+促进ANAMMOX生物膜反应器脱氮

在低总氮（TN）浓度条件下考察了Fe²⁺促进串联两级ANAMMOX生物膜反应器脱氮性能的可行性.结果表明,ρ（Fe²⁺）为5、10和15 mg·L^-1能够有效促进厌氧氨氧化反应,ρ（Fe²⁺）为10 mg·L^-1对两级ANAMMOX生物膜反应器的促进程度最大,在进水ρ（TN）约为150 mg·L^-1,总氮负荷（NLR）为0.62 kg·（m³·d）^-1条件下,最高总氮去除率（NRE）可达81.71%.添加Fe²⁺可促进系统胞外聚合物（EPS）的分泌以及亚铁血红素c的合成.批次试验结果进一步验证了ρ（Fe²⁺）为5、10和15 mg·L^-1时对厌氧氨氧化菌活性的促进作用,其中ρ（Fe²⁺）为10 mg·L^-1时的比厌氧氨氧化活性（SAA）是对照组的3.6倍,而当ρ（Fe²⁺）为20 mg·L^-1时,AnAOB活性受到明显抑制.高通量测序结果显示,投加Fe²⁺均促进了反应器中Candidatus_Kuenenia丰度的增加,其中ρ（Fe²⁺）为10 mg·L^-1时两个反应器中Candidatus_Kuenenia的相对丰度分别增至16.18%和4.22%.基于Fe²⁺促进下两级厌氧氨氧化的稳定运行为厌氧氨氧化生物膜工艺处理低总氮浓度废水提供了参考.     

UASB反应器中厌氧氨氧化菌脱氮效果及运行条件

通过UASB反应器中接种厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥,处理模拟实验废水,检测其厌氧脱氮效果,并探寻其最佳运行条件。研究表明,UASB反应器中厌氧氨氧化菌具有高效的脱氮效果。厌氧氨氧化菌对NH~+_4-N和NO~-_2-N的适宜浓度负荷均为220 mg/L,水力停留时间适宜为4 h,最适温度为35℃,最佳p H值为8.0,在此条件下,NH~+_4-N,NO~-_2-N和TN的去除率分别可达97%,98.5%及88%。     

部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化处理磁混凝生活污水

以磁混凝预处理后的生活污水为处理对象,构建了部分亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化分体式反应器,通过曝气调控与生物强化促进部分亚硝化反应的稳定进行,并耦合厌氧氨氧化反应进行深度脱氮.近100d的运行结果表明,在生物强化和间歇曝气的控制条件下,亚硝酸盐积累率达到了89.93%;提高亚硝化反应器中曝气阶段溶解氧浓度（从0.6~0.8mg/L升高至1.0~1.2mg/L）有利于氨氮与总氮去除.该系统最高能够去除95.45%的氨氮和86.28%的总氮,实现了稳定、高效脱氮;磁混凝预处理后的生活污水在亚硝化反应器中,间歇曝气条件促进了残留的溶解性有机物为反硝化提供碳源,COD总去除率达到64.65%~74.42%,并且亚硝化反应器出水与系统最终出水的有机物组分相似,主要为难降解有机物.     

催化氧化除氨氮/锰技术在滤池改造中的应用研究

西安市某地下水源水厂石英砂滤池中滤料表面形成的氧化膜催化活性很低,基本不具备去除铁、锰、氨氮的能力,出水安全隐患较高,因此在中试滤柱系统中评价了石英砂滤料除铁（Fe²⁺）、锰（Mn²⁺）、氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）效能,并进行活性滤料的性能优化.在此基础上,在水厂原有石英砂滤池中进行活性滤料的原位制备.结果表明,水厂石英砂滤料基本不具备去除Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺、NH₄⁺-N能力.在中试滤柱系统中,经过3d挂膜,低浓度Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺、NH₄⁺-N的去除率均可达93%以上.在滤池中进行原位改造后,进水NH₄⁺-N浓度为（0.3±0.05） mg/L时,去除率由28%提高到90%,进水Mn²⁺浓度为（0.3±0.05） mg/L时,去除率由50%提高到80%.进一步分析滤料表征发现,改造后滤料形貌和结构均发生了改变.XRD分析结果表明,改造后滤料产生了新峰,证明了滤料具备了活性.改造后可满足案例水厂净水安全的需要,具有较高的实用价值.     

High phosphate removal using La(OH)3 loaded chitosan based composites and mechanistic study

Our present study was to prepare a biomass-supported adsorbents with high adsorptive capacity and high selectivity to prevent the accelerated eutrophication in water body. To this end, different metal hydroxide (La, Zr and Fe) first was successfully loaded on chitosan microspheres. Then the quaternary ammonium group with different content was introduced into the adsorbent by polymerization. By comparison of adsorption properties, chitosan-La(OH)₃-quaternary ammonium-20% (CS-La-N-20%) has strong adsorption to phosphate (160 mg/g) by immobilizing nano-sized La(OH)₃ within a quaternary-aminated chitosan and it maintain high adsorption in the presence of salt ions. The pH results indicated that the CS-La-N-20% would effectively sequestrate phosphate over a wide pH range between 3 and 7 without significant La³⁺ leaching. What's more, adsorption capacity on the introduce of positively charged quanternary-aminated groups was significantly higher than that of the unmodified adsorbents at alkaline conditions. The column adsorption capacity reached 1300 bed volumes (BV) when phosphate concentration decreased until 0.5 mg/L at 6 BV/hr. The column adsorption/desorption reveals that no significant capacity loss is observed, indicating excellent stability and repeated use property. Characterizations revealed that phosphate adsorption on CS-La-N-20% through ligand exchange (impregnated nano-La(OH)₃) and electrostatic attraction (positively charged quanternary-aminated groups). All the results suggested that CS-La-N-20% can serve as a promising adsorbent for preferable phosphate removal in realistic application.     

雨水管道沉积物中典型无机氮的干期粒径分布

以南京江北新区分流制雨水管道沉积物为研究对象,考察不同粒径沉积物中铵态氮（NH₃-N）和硝态氮（NO₃^--N）干期分布特征,分析其随干期长度的变化关系,并探讨沉积物理化性质及微生物菌群结构对NH₃-N和NO₃^--N干期分布的影响.结果表明：粒径≤0.075mm的沉积物中NH₃-N占比最高（交通区30.8%,商业区36.7%）;交通区粒径≤0.075mm的沉积物中NO₃^--N占比最高（33.0%）,而商业区粒径0.075~0.15mm沉积物中NO₃^--N占比最高（34.4%）;干期长度与交通区0.075~0.15mm粒径段的沉积物中NO₃^--N含量及商业区粒径≥0.3mm的沉积物中NH₃-N含量之间的相关性均最显著;雨水管道沉积物中NH₃-N和NO₃^--N的干期分布与O-H和N-H等官能团、表面极性和亲水性、微观形貌等有一定关联;交通区雨水管道沉积物中Gemmobacter等反硝化优势菌种（相对丰度总和为20.15%）对NO₃^--N干期分布影响更显著.