虾塘残饵腐解对养殖环境影响的研究Ⅰ. 虾塘底层残饵腐解对水质环境的影响

通过室内模拟实验，研究了虾塘底层残饵腐解对虾池水质的影响和更换虾池海水后底层水质质量的变化和清除覆盖于池底的残饵后池底底层水质的变化。结果表明，由于池底残饵的腐解，使虾池水质变坏， Ｄ Ｏ降至零，ｐ Ｈ 下降至６０ ，达不到生物存活的水平。更换虾池海水后，池底水质仍然受到一定的影响。清除池底残饵后，由于沉积物的吸附作用，大量硫化物又释放出来，仍然严重影响虾池的水质质量。数据表明，在养虾过程中应尽量减少虾饵的残留量并做到每年彻底清洁池底，达到清洁养殖的环境标准     

闽江河口短叶茳芏湿地及其围垦的养虾塘CH4排放通量的比较

以闽江河口鳝鱼滩的短叶茳芏湿地及由其围垦而成的养虾塘为研究对象,2016年5月—2017年3月,分别采用静态箱-气相色谱法和悬浮箱/静态箱-气相色谱法对短叶茳芏湿地和养虾塘白天CH_4排放通量进行观测,并同步测定短叶茳芏湿地和养虾塘水体/沉积物理化指标.观测期间短叶茳芏湿地和养虾塘均表现为大气中CH_4的排放源,释放量变化范围分别为1.09~38.38 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和0.01~65.38 mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),均值分别为(11.67±1.99)mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和(18.69±4.84)mg·m~(-2)·h~(-1),重复测量方差分析统计结果表明:虽然在整个观测时间尺度上,养虾塘CH_4排放通量与短叶茳芏湿地无显著性差异(p0.05),但是在养殖期养虾塘CH_4排放通量显著高于同期短叶茳芏湿地(p0.05),增加了68.0%.短叶茳芏湿地CH_4排放通量与沉积物温度、间隙水总磷含量呈显著正相关关系(p0.01),养虾塘水-气界面CH_4排放通量与养殖水水深呈显著负相关关系(p0.01).亚热带河口感潮沼泽湿地围垦成为陆基养虾塘后增加了CH_4排放通量.     

亚热带河口陆基养虾塘水体CDOM三维荧光光谱平行因子分析

利用三维荧光光谱平行因子分析(EEMs-PARAFAC)技术,对我国亚热带地区闽江、木兰溪、九龙江河口滨海陆基养虾塘水体的有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)进行了组分及来源分析.研究表明从养虾塘水体CDOM荧光光谱中解析出4个有效PARAFAC荧光组分,包括2种类蛋白质物质和2种类腐殖酸物质,其中类蛋白质组分是河口陆基养虾塘水体中CDOM的主要组成部分.水体的荧光指数FI和自生源指标BIX表明河口区滨海陆基养虾塘水体中CDOM的强自生来源贡献.而腐殖化指标HIX表明养殖塘水体具有弱腐殖化特征.类蛋白质组分与类腐殖质组分之间可能具有相同的来源属性和地化行为,盐度与CDOM呈现极显著负相关,而DOC与CDOM中类腐殖质组分(C2、C3)呈现显著正相关.本研究为进一步揭示养虾塘水体CDOM的光化学性质提供了科学依据.     

Reclamation of abandoned shrimp pond soils in southern Thailand for cultivation of Mauritius grass (Brachiaria mutica)

A study on soil reclamation for cultivation of Mauritius grass was conducted on soils obtained from abandoned shrimp ponds at Ranote District, Songkhla Province, southern Thailand. A glass house experiment on the reclamation of the soils included desalination by leaching soils using various amounts of deionised water, rice husk, plant nutrients and gypsum as well as an omission pot trial experiment. The result showed that Mauritius grass survived in the treatment with 15 L of water, 2% of rice husk with gypsum added or 8% of rice husk without gypsum added. The yield of Mauritius grass increased with increases in the amounts of water for desalination and rice husk. Thus, the highest yield of grass with a height of 148.3 cm, 12.7 tillers/pot and dry weight of 46.43 g/pot was observed in the gypsum added treatment with the highest amount of water and rice husk (25 L of water and 8% by weight of rice husk). Therefore, salinity and unfavourable structure of the abandoned pond soils were major factors governing the survival ability and growth of the grass. The omission pot trial experiment revealed that growth of the grass responded to the application of P, Ca, Mg and S, though existing amounts of such plant nutrient elements in the soils were adequate for plant growth. The anomalous characteristics were probably explained by soil pH, salinity and imbalance of plant nutrient elements.     

Changes in Soil Properties of Abandoned Shrimp Ponds in Southern Thailand

Chemical soil properties between active shrimp ponds andabandoned ones on the Bangkok soil series were compared,at Ranote District, Songkhla Province in southern Thailand.Soil samples were collected at depth intervals of 0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40 and 40–50 cm from pond bottoms at the same ponds used in a former study conducted in 1994, fora total of 6 ponds with 3 sampling sites for each pond. Theseponds were active during the previous study in 1994, abandonedin 1996 and investigated by this study in 1999. All the samples were analyzed for exchangeable Ca, Mg, K and Na electrical conductivity (EC), organic matter, S, P and pH, and statistically compared with the analytical results of theprevious study. An increase in amounts of Ca, Mg, K, Na and EC in the abandoned ponds as compared with the active ones by1.3–3.4, 1.4–2.1, 7.0–30.0, 1.2–6.3 and 1.3–10.9 timesrespectively was observed. That more of these elements weregained than lost each time the seawater was introduced intothe ponds, is explained by the Element Input/Output Consideration as proposed herein. Furthermore, a decreasein organic matter, S and P was also observed in the abandonedpond soils, and attributed to the absence of shrimp food and shrimp excreta following the cessation of shrimp raising activities. An unexpected decline in the soil pH of the abandoned ponds was found as well. Aerobic decomposition of organic matter during the absence of shrimp raising activitiescaused by soil microorganisms triggering SO₂ and H₂SO₄ formation probably played a more significantrole than the increase in the amounts of the basic elements (Ca, Mg, K, and Na) eventually reducing soil pH in the abandoned ponds. The significant depletion of the amounts of organic matter in the abandoned pond soils also supports this observation.     

珠江水产品中滴滴涕和六六六残留特征及风险评价

以珠江河口水生食物链较顶端的鱼类和虾类作为研究对象,利用气相色谱(GC-ECD)法检测分析了有机氯农药滴滴涕(DDTs)和六六六(HCHs)及其单体在这些水生动物体内的残留水平和特征,以期为珠江流域水生生物生态风险评价提供基础资料和科学依据。结果显示,鱼类肌肉中的DDTs含量(以湿质量计)范围为未检出(nd)～42.73μg.kg-1(平均值为7.61μg.kg-1),在虾类肌肉中的含量范围为nd～9.51μg.kg-1(平均值为1.97μg.kg-1);鱼类肌肉中的HCHs含量范围为nd～1.71μg.kg-1(平均值为0.62μg.kg-1),在虾类肌肉中的含量范围为nd～0.86μg.kg-1(平均值为0.56μg.kg-1)。鱼类肌肉中DDTs和HCHs的残留均值高于虾类,而鱼类和虾类体内DDTs的残留量均高于HCHs的残留量。HCHs、DDTs的单体分别以γ-HCH、p,p'-DDT的含量最高,而且近期都有新的污染源输入。所采集的水产品中DDTs、HCHs残留量尚低于我国的无公害水产品质量安全标准要求(GB18406.4),亦低于日本、欧盟等发达国家和地区相关的最大残留限量,因此,DDTs、HCHs通过膳食的暴露暂时不会对该地区的人体健康产生危害。     

基于TBL模型的闽江口围垦养虾塘水-大气界面CO2扩散通量估算

扩散模型是估算水生生态系统水-大气界面二氧化碳(CO_2)交换通量的重要手段.选取多种参数化方法对闽江口围垦养虾塘水-大气界面CO_2气体交换速率(k_x)及CO_2扩散通量进行估算,探讨闽江口围垦养虾塘k_x及CO_2扩散通量的变化特征及影响因素.结果表明:①养殖期水-大气界面CO_2气体交换速率及其扩散通量均呈现显著的时间变化特征,分别表现为10月 9月 11月 7月 8月和11月 7月 8月 9月 10月的变化趋势;②风速、pH、水体CO_2、DOC和叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度是影响CO_2扩散通量时间变化特征的重要因素;③不同参数化方法计算得出的闽江口养虾塘水-大气界面CO_2扩散通量存在显著差异(P 0. 01),表明模型方法估算养殖塘CO_2扩散通量具有一定不确定性,综合分析认为模型RC01和CW03是估算闽江口围垦养虾塘水-大气界面CO_2扩散通量较为合适的方法.     

河口陆基养虾塘沉积物铁的含量和形态

为研究河口陆基养殖塘底泥中铁的迁移和转化机制,本文测定了福建省3个河口养虾塘养殖期表层和亚表层底泥沉积物中活性铁含量及间隙水的常见组分.结果表明,不同站点间晶质Fe（III）、非硫Fe（II）、有机铁、铁硫化物含量存在显著差异.间隙水SO₄^2-和Cl^-可能是影响不同站点间Fe的形态和分布存在异质性的主要环境影响因子之一.盐度较高的养虾塘,铁的硫化物含量较高,有机铁和晶质Fe（III）含量较少.陆基养虾塘底泥沉积物中活性铁含量按固相Fe（III） > 铁硫化物 > 非硫Fe（II） > 有机铁的顺序排列.养虾塘亚表层沉积物铁硫化物（FeS和FeS₂）含量高于表层沉积物,而表层沉积物有机铁含量与间隙水SO₄^2-和NH₄⁺浓度高于亚表层沉积物.铁硫化物的生成一定程度上降低河口陆基养虾塘沉积物营养盐污染的潜在风险.     

原子吸收法测定鱼虾铜锌铅镉铬两种消解方法的比较

分别用混合酸湿法消解和微波消解两种方法处理鱼虾样品,用原子吸收法测定样品中铜、锌、铅、镉、铬的含量.结果表明微波消解相对标准偏差均在4.0%以下,加标回收率在95.6%～112%之间.湿法消解相对标准偏差在0.3%～5.6%之间,加标回收率在88.9%～115%之间.微波消解比湿法消解的精密度、准确度高,且微波消解操作安全简便,耗时短,适用于样品数量多的情况.混合酸湿法消解操作复杂,耗时长,由于使用了在高温下易爆的高氯酸,又容易发生"炭化"现象,安全性差,在样品数量少的情况下可用此法.     

Effects of the anti-fouling herbicide Irgarol 1051 on two life stages of the grass shrimp,Palaemonetes pugio

This study investigated lethal and sublethal effects (glutathione, lipid peroxidation, cholesterol, and acetylcholinesterase) of the anti-fouling herbicide Irgarol 1051 on larval and adult grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio). The 96-hour LC50 test for larvae resulted in an estimated LC50 of 1.52 mg/L (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26–1.85 mg/L). The adult 96-h LC50 was 2.46 mg/L (95% CI = 2.07–2.93 mg/L). Glutathione, lipid peroxidation, cholesterol and acetylcholinesterase levels were not significantly affected in adult grass shrimp by exposure of up to 3.00 mg/L irgarol. Lipid peroxidation and acetylcholinesterase levels in the larvae were significantly higher than controls in the highest irgarol exposures of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L, respectively. Cholesterol levels were significantly reduced in larvae in all four irgarol concentrations tested while glutathione levels were not significantly affected in larvae. Both lethal and sublethal effects associated with irgarol exposure were only observed at concentrations well above those reported in the environment.