The need for bioaugmentation after thermal treatment of a TCE-contaminated aquifer: Laboratory experiments

A microcosm study was conducted to evaluate the need for bioaugmentation after a thermal treatment to anaerobically dechlorinate trichloroethene (TCE) to ethene. The microcosms were either: heated to 100 degrees C and slowly cooled to simulate thermal remediation while bioaugmenting when the declining temperature reached 10 degrees C; or kept at ambient groundwater temperatures (10 degrees C) and bioaugmented for comparison. Aquifer samples from three sediment locations within a TCE-polluted source zone were investigated in duplicate microcosms. In biostimulated (5 mM lactate) and heated microcosms, no conversion of TCE was observed in 4 out of 6 microcosms, and in the remaining microcosms the dechlorination of TCE was incomplete to cDCE (cis-dichloroethene). By comparison, complete TCE dechlorination to ethene was observed in 4 out of 6 heated microcosms that were bioaugmented with a highly enriched dechlorinating mixed culture, KB-1, but no electron donor, and also in 4 of 6 microcosms that were augmented with KB-1 and an electron donor (5 mM lactate). These data suggest that electron donor released during heating, was capable of promoting complete dechlorination coincident with bioaugmentation. Heated microcosms demonstrated less methanogenesis than unheated microcosms, even with elevated H2 concentrations and addition of KB-1, which contains methanogens. This suggests that the heating process suppressed the native microbial community, which can decrease competition with the bioaugmented culture and increase the effectiveness of dechlorination following a thermal treatment. Specifically, cDCE removal rates were four to six times higher in heated than unheated bioaugmented microcosms. This study confirms the need for bioaugmentation following a laboratory thermal treatment to obtain complete dechlorination of TCE.     

地下水有机污染的原位修复技术

介绍了渗透反应格栅、井内通风、地下水曝气、生物曝气及多相抽提等五种地下水原位修复技术的概念 ,阐述了它们修复受污染地下水的过程和修复机理 ,并对其研究进展情况进行了论述。展望了地下水有机污染的原位修复技术在我国的应用前景     

山体尾流对烟羽扩散影响的风洞实验

本文以中性模拟的相似参数为判据,用四种不同的方法探测组合山体的流场.根据探测结果,探讨了尾流的结构并进行了较细致的区划.指出复杂地形的摩擦速度(u~*)在近地层不为常数.文中还讨论了尾流中扩散参数的变化及烟羽轴线下倾角分布,指出用修正的高斯烟羽模式描述尾流浓度场的可行性.风洞的实验结果与现场实验结果基本一致.     

氮同位素方法在地下水氮污染源识别中的应用

地下水硝酸盐来源复杂多样.介绍了用15N/14N的方法(N同位素方法)分析辨明污染物来源.氮污染源不同,氮同位素值(δ15N值)也就不同.例如:雨水的δ15N值偏低,为-1.08%～0.21%;生活排水的δ15N值偏高,为1.0%～1.7%.污染源不同,受污染的地下水的δ15N值也不同,据此能有效地判断地下水硝酸盐的来源.     

气相色谱法检测地下水中六六六和滴滴涕

采用环己烷萃取、浓硫酸净化,联合气相色谱电子捕获检测器分析地下水中的六六六和滴滴涕,优化了升温程序、进样口温度、衬管等分析参数。8种组分在8.6 m in内完全分离,在0.001 mg/L~0.200 mg/L范围内标准工作曲线线性良好,检出限为0.03μg/L~0.38μg/L,标准溶液平行测定的RSD为0.1%~4.8%,加标回收率为90.0%~131%。     

Groundwater vulnerability and risk mapping using GIS, modeling and a fuzzy logic tool

A groundwater vulnerability and risk mapping assessment, based on a source-pathway-receptor approach, is presented for an urban coastal aquifer in northeastern Brazil. A modified version of the DRASTIC methodology was used to map the intrinsic and specific groundwater vulnerability of a 292 km(2) study area. A fuzzy hierarchy methodology was adopted to evaluate the potential contaminant source index, including diffuse and point sources. Numerical modeling was performed for delineation of well capture zones, using MODFLOW and MODPATH. The integration of these elements provided the mechanism to assess groundwater pollution risks and identify areas that must be prioritized in terms of groundwater monitoring and restriction on use. A groundwater quality index based on nitrate and chloride concentrations was calculated, which had a positive correlation with the specific vulnerability index.     

基于VOCs浓度反演的地下水中含油物质泄漏原位在线监测方法的建立及应用

石油石化企业的含油物质泄漏进入地下水,会对生态环境造成负面影响。通过构建地下水井模型,比选不同原理的挥发性有机物(VOCs)检测传感器,建立了基于VOCs浓度反演的地下水中含油物质泄漏原位实时在线监测方法。研究发现,常规水质六参数传感器对含油物质泄漏的响应会产生滞后现象,在实时预警监测地下水井中含油物质时可不安装常规水质六参数传感器,节约企业污染防控监测成本。将该方法应用于企业现场进行原位实时监测,当实时监测值超过数据监控平台预警阈值时,系统会发出警报,实现了地下水井中含油物质泄漏实时预警监测。该监测方法具有响应速度快、准确性高、成本低、监测过程简单等优势,将帮助企业实时掌握地下水污染状况,提高地下水污染防控预警效率。     

Variation characteristics of fine particulate matter and its components in diesel vehicle emission plumes

A rapid reaction occurs near the exhaust nozzle when vehicle emissions contact the air. Twenty diesel vehicles were studied using a new multipoint sampling system that is suitable for studying the exhaust plume near the exhaust nozzle. The variation characteristics of fine particle matter (PM_2.5) and its components in diesel vehicle exhaust plumes were analyzed. The PM_2.5 emissions gradually increased with increasing distance from the nozzle in the plume. Elemental carbon emissions remained basically unchanged, organic carbon and total carbon (TC) increased with increasing distance. The concentrations of SO₄^2?, NO₃^? and NH₄⁺ (SNA) directly emitted by the vehicles were very low but increased rapidly in the exhaust plume. The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reduced 42.7% TC, 40% NO₃^? emissions, but increased 104% SO₄^2? and 36% NH₄⁺ emissions, respectively. In summary, the SCR reduced 29% primary PM_2.5 emissions for the tested diesel vehicles. The NH₄NO₃ particle formation maybe more important in the plume, and there maybe other forms of formation of NH₄⁺ (eg. NH₄Cl). The generation of secondary organic carbon (SOC) plays a leading role in the generation of secondary PM_2.5. The SCR enhanced the formation of SOC and SNA in the plume, but comprehensive analysis shows that the SCR more enhanced the SNA formation in the plume, which is mainly new particles formation process. The inconsistency between secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and primary organic aerosol definitions is one of the important reasons for the difference between SOA simulation and observation.     

基于DPM模型求解自由下落颗粒羽流卷吸空气量

为深入了解自由下落颗粒羽流卷吸空气的特性,对氧化铝颗粒从出口直径为5 mm的圆形孔中自由下落的气固两相流场进行了数值模拟研究。依据RNG k-ε模型求解气相雷诺时均N-S方程并进行离散化处理,采用DPM模型跟踪单个粒子以求解颗粒的运动方程,并通过SIMPLE双向耦合,对自由下落颗粒羽流流动特性进行数值模拟。结果表明：自由下落颗粒羽流卷吸空气气相速度在羽流中心线上处于最大值,随着径向距离的增大速度值明显地减小,直到距离中心线30 mm处,之后速度的变化趋于稳定;颗粒在净质量力作用下沿质量力方向首先作加速运动,之后下落速度up随着下落高度的变化趋于平缓,羽流末端颗粒运动基本遵守颗粒自由沉降规律;羽流卷吸空气量随着下落高度的增加而增大,其规律与颗粒群模型给出的结果高度吻合。通过比较分析发现,采用DPM模型很好的解决了对颗粒相运动方程的求解并可获取颗粒运动轨迹,对于自由下落颗粒羽流特性的分析不失为一种有效而可行的方法。     

烟羽在夜间雾天状况下的扩散数值研究

用夜间雾的数值模式研究了高架源在雾形成前后的扩散特征。模拟结果表明，雾的出现影响了大气近地层结，使原来很稳定的大气变成不稳定大气，但雾顶以上仍是逆温状态，这样导致雾顶附近的高浓度污染物向地面输送加剧，造成地面污染。这种情况非常类似于日出后出现的地面熏烟。研究结果从大气扩散方面解释了近年来在雾天临测中发现的地面高浓度污染现象，说明雾天是造成地面严重污染的重要天气之一。