钻井废弃液中石油污染物及细菌生态多样性

采用GC/MS分析方法,发现平湖油田钻井废弃液中含有烃类、酸类和酯类等23种有机污染物质,含量达到49 800 mg/L。运用16S rRNA基因分析法测得的微生物生态多样性表明,废弃液中微生物种类丰富,包括γ和β变形杆菌,γ-Proteobacteria是优势菌群,占克隆总数78.6%。Oceanospirillales、Pseudomonadales和Enterobacteriales是γ-Proteobacteria纲的主要菌群。     

负压蒸发技术处理废弃钻井液

采用负压蒸发技术处理3种不同组分的废弃钻井液。实验结果表明:最佳蒸发温度为79℃;当蒸发温度低于95℃时,相15~#原液的出水氨氮质量浓度、悬浮物质量浓度、色度分别低于3.40 mg/L、0.093 mg/L、11倍,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的一级排放标准;当蒸发温度低于79℃时,钻井液1和钻井液2的出水氨氮质量浓度均低于37.00 mg/L,悬浮物质量浓度均低于0.080 mg/L,色度低于13倍,COD低于114.0 mg/L,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的二级排放标准。通过后续过滤除油工艺可降低钻井液中的石油类质量浓度,使最终出水达标排放。     

First-trimester amniotic fluid and extraembryonic coelomic fluid acetylcholinesterase electrophoresis

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gel electrophoresis was performed on samples of amniotic fluid and extraembryonic coelomic fluid obtained by high resolution transvaginal ultrasound-guided amniocentesis from 38 women between 8 and 12 weeks of pregnancy. AChE was positive in 33 per cent (12/36) of the amniotic fluid samples; the percentage of positive results decreased as gestation advanced. AChE was positive in 32 per cent (9/28) of the extraembryonic coelomic fluid samples. In 81 per cent (21/26) of matched samples, the AChE results were identical in the two fluids. Amniotic fluid and extraembryonic coelomic fluid AChE electrophoresis cannot be used to diagnose neural tube defects prior to 12 weeks of gestation.     

基于Fluent废塑料薄膜旋风分离过程的研究

采用旋风法对不同密度的废旧塑料薄膜进行分选,运用Fluent流体仿真软件中的欧拉双流体模型,对废塑料薄膜颗粒在旋风分离器中的运动进行了模拟仿真。根据不同种类废塑料颗粒的密度不同,所受重力以及在旋风分离器中所受离心力不同,将会产生不同的运动轨迹,使用旋风分离器将其分离,得出不同风速大小、不同颗粒直径时的分选效率,找出最适合的风速和颗粒粒度大小,从而使不同种类塑料颗粒达到高效分离,为进一步处理塑料垃圾奠定基础。     

发光细菌法测定钻井液综合生物毒性

针对发光杆菌的发光度随着污染物浓度增高而呈线性降低的相关性,采用发光杆菌的相对发光度来表示污染物毒性,试验探讨了该方法的可行性,并采用发光细菌相对发光度为５０％时毒物浓度（即半数有效浓度ＥＣ５０）来表示钻井液的综合生物毒性。实验结果表明：ＨｇＣｌ２的半数有效浓度为０．１２６ｍｇ／Ｌ,此时的钻井液泥水比为１∶１０４。     

CFD模拟用于电催化反应器电极结构及进水方式的优化

为优化电催化反应器内不同构型的电极结构及进水方式,利用计算流体力学(CFD),模拟反应器内部流体分布并对利用极限电流密度法模拟结果进行实验验证。结果表明：切向进水时,反应器内的传质性能最佳,当进流速为0 m·s⁻¹时,其极限电流为侧面进水和的底部进水1.34倍和1.21倍;当增大进水流速至0.062 m·s⁻¹时,切向进水的极限电流为静止时的1.49倍,切向进水传质增强系数γ为1.475,高于底部进水(1.428)及侧面进水(1.317)方式。网状的电极结构及切向进水有利于反应器内及电极表面的均匀的速度分布,进而提高反应过程中溶液分布的一致性及空间利用率;增大进水流速可以有效地提高反应器的极限电流和传质性能。上述研究结果可为电催化反应器的设计提供一定的参考。     

User experience and operational feasibility of four point-of-collection oral fluid drug-testing devices according to Brazilian traffic agents

Objective: Traffic fatalities in Brazil still rank among the highest worldwide, with an overall rate of 23.4 deaths/100,000 inhabitants/year. Although alcohol and drug use play an important role in traffic accidents, national data about their relative influence are scarce. Drug screening is not routinely performed by traffic agents because alcohol is the only substance regularly investigated in roadblocks. Therefore, we aimed to describe the initial traffic agent user experience for 4 handheld point-of-collection oral fluid drug testing devices used in routine roadblocks in Brazil, focusing on usage perceptions in hopes of generalizing this approach for other developing countries.

Methods: Four different oral fluid collection devices were evaluated: The DDS2, the DOA MultiScreen, the Dräger DrugTest 5000, and the Multi-Drug Multi-Line Twist Screen Device. Fourteen trained traffic agents obtained oral fluid from 164 drivers and performed 37 qualitative evaluations of the devices. Traffic agents filled out a questionnaire focusing on 9 feasibility criteria: Overall simplicity for roadside operation; operational success; saliva sample collection time; sample analysis time; ease of sample preparation and analysis; agreement with observed clinical signs; overall hygiene and safety; sufficient operating instructions; and hygiene of saliva collection. These were weighted based on an expert panel and yielded an overall composite device experience score that ranged from 1 (poor) to 100 (excellent).

Results: Ease of use, operational success, and acceptable collection and analysis time were considered the most important criteria by the expert panel. The results ranged from 27.3 to 88.9% for simplicity of use; 45.5 to 100.0% for operational success; 27.3 to 100% for acceptable collection time; and 36.4 to 100.0% for acceptable analysis time. The final device scores, based on the agents’ user experiences, ranked as follows: DOA MultiScreen: 49.3/100; Dräger DrugTest 5000: 82.4/100; Multi-Drug Multi-Line Twist Screen Device: 84.3/100; DDS2: 88.4/100.

Conclusion: Based on the selected criteria, 3 of the 4 devices were considered useful by traffic agents in routine roadblock operations. The weighted evaluations suggest that their ease of use (handling, sampling analysis, and reliability), as well as their agreement with findings obtained by other means, defined their utility to traffic agents, although such appraisals must be further analyzed in future studies.     

磁流体除尘的研究

磁流体是将铁磁性或亚铁磁性固体颗粒通过一定方法均匀分散在基液中的混合液。本实验揭示了磁流体对非磁性粉尘、磁性粉尘的除尘效果,讨论磁流体放置时间、磁流体温度、磁流体中的离子对粉尘处理效果的影响。     

聚磺钻井废水物化-生物协同处理技术

深井超深井聚磺钻井废水具有高色度、高悬浮物和高COD的特点,现有的物化处理技术存在的吸附剂再生困难、水处理剂用量大的缺陷。采用生物降解和膜分离技术,室内研究了物化-生物协同工艺的处理效果,并在川东北高酸性气田大湾404-1H和元坝222等井开展了现场实验。实验结果表明,处理后的水质全部达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)的一级标准。     

颗粒粉尘在水平管道内运移的三维数值模拟

矿山粉尘治理需通过选择合理的除尘方法,才能达到较好的降尘效果;目前,带有长管道的机械通风除尘措施是矿山粉尘治理的有效措施之一。随着粉尘在管道内长时间排出,管道内势必会产生沉积现象。应用计算流体力学软件FLUENT 6.3.26对不同粒径的二氧化硅粉尘颗粒在水平通风管道内的沉积规律进行模拟计算,其中通风管道管径D=500 mm,长度l=20 m,送风速度v=12 m·s-1。模拟结果表明：微颗粒（100 μm）在管道内停留时间较短,最长时间为3.91 s,受湍流影响较大,沉降现象不明显,运移规律呈无序状;粗颗粒（5~10 mm）在管道内停留时间相比微颗粒粉尘,停留时间较短,最长时间为1.71 s,受湍流影响较小,沉降现象明显,运移规律呈波浪状循环上升降落,波峰高度随管程增大而逐渐降低。