衡山PM_（2.5）中痕量金属元素的分析

建立了微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定PM2.5中12种痕量金属元素的方法。对不同消解体系进行了讨论,确定采用HNO3＋H2O2消解体系。方法检出限在0.01～6.4 ng/m3之间,精密度为0.5%～8.9%,加标回收率在69.2%～92.6%之间。应用该方法测定了衡山PM2.5中痕量金属元素的含量,讨论了痕量元素的浓度分布特征,对各元素进行了相关性分析,并应用富集因子法对来源进行了分析。     

Concentration and chemical speciation for the determination of Cu,Zn, Ni,Pb and Cd from refuse dump soils using the optimized BCR sequential extraction procedure

The optimized BCR sequential extraction procedure (proposed by the Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme (SM&T) of the European Union) was applied to seven topsoil samples from refuse dump sites for the determination of Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb and Cd. The metals were partitioned into four operationally defined chemical fractions: acid extractable, reducible, oxidizable and residual, and analysed using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, FAAS. The results were compared with total metal concentrations obtained using HNO₃, HClO₄ and HF digestion procedures. Results for total metal analysis ranged from - 15.55 to 43.45 for Cu, 37.15 to 222.35 for Zn, 5.15 to 12.10 for Ni, 10.30 to 93.05 for Pb and 0.35 to 3.75 for Cd in μgg⁻¹ dry weight. The results of the partitioning study showed that zinc prevailed in the more soluble fractions and was distributed between the acid-extractable (32.4%) and the reducible (40.3%) fractions, whereas Pb was distributed mainly in the reducible fraction. Copper and nickel were predominantly associated with the reducible and residual fractions - 53.4, 33.3 and 51.1, 24.1% respectively. The ranking of the four fractions for the partitioning of cadmium was: reducible > residual > oxidizable > acid extractable. The percentage recovery for all metals when comparing total metal concentration with the fractional sum of the optimized BCR procedure, were of the order: Zn(93%) > Pb(83%) > Cu(78) > Cd > (68%) > Ni(63%).     

成都平原农用土壤重金属污染现状及防治对策

随着工业化进程的加快和农业生产中化肥和农药不合理施用使得农用土壤重金属污染风险逐渐增大。本文对成都平原农用土壤和农作物重金属污染现状进行了综述,发现农用土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染均以Pb、Cd和Hg三种元素为主。分析了重金属离子在土壤一植物系统中迁移的一般规律及其影响因子,分析了农用土壤重金属污染的主要原因,为预防和防治污染提供了一些建议。     

木贼定居对铅锌尾矿砂微生物多样性及重金属迁移转化的影响

为研究根际微生物影响木贼耐受和吸附重金属的机制,为重金属污染植物-微生物协同修复提供参考,应用化学分析方法和Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,对木贼定居对铅锌尾矿重金属含量、土壤微生物多样性的影响进行研究。结果表明,子囊菌、未明确分类真菌和担子菌是铅锌尾矿地土壤的优势真菌。木贼定居导致散囊菌纲、座囊菌纲丰度下降,粪壳菌纲丰度增加。Alternaria,Amorphotheca,Aspergillus为尾矿裸地中主要优势真菌,Fusarium,Chaetomiaceae-Unclassified,Calcarisporiella为木贼根际土壤主要优势真菌。变形菌门、厚壁菌门、放线菌门是研究区土壤中的优势细菌类群,Lactococcus,Bacillus,Gemmatimonas,Sulfuricaulis,Dongia,Sulfurifustis,Azoarcus,Nitrospira等是尾矿地优势细菌。有机质、全氮与真菌和细菌ace,shannon指数显著相关,重金属含量与真菌和细菌ace,shannon指数显著或极显著负相关。木贼定居提高了尾矿砂中微生物的种类和多样性,有利于有机和氮素营养成分的积累和降低重金属含量;在尾矿生态修复实践中可多引入木贼等乡土草本先锋植物,同时补充有机质和氮素营养,或引入功能微生物菌剂和接种植物共生菌等,强化生态修复效果。     

Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review

Heavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. The treatment of heavy metals is of special concern due to their recalcitrance and persistence in the environment. In recent years, various methods for heavy metal removal from wastewater have been extensively studied. This paper reviews the current methods that have been used to treat heavy metal wastewater and evaluates these techniques. These technologies include chemical precipitation, ion-exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation-flocculation, flotation and electrochemical methods. About 185 published studies (1988-2010) are reviewed in this paper. It is evident from the literature survey articles that ion-exchange, adsorption and membrane filtration are the most frequently studied for the treatment of heavy metal wastewater.     

基于石墨烯构建的电化学传感器在环境监测中的应用

综述了基于石墨烯构建的电化学传感器在重金属、有毒气体、农药残留、酚类有机污染物等对环境造成一定危害的物质检测中的应用,并展望了石墨烯电化学传感器在环境监测领域中的发展。     

杭州市城郊土壤重金属含量和形态的研究

研究了杭州市城郊文教居民区、风景旅游区、市郊农业区、市内商业区和市郊工业区等5种土地利用背景下的32个土样中8个重金属元素（Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn、Mn）的含量和形态。结果表明，杭州市城郊土壤已受重金属的明显污染，其中以Pb的污染最为严重。污染程度为：市郊工业区＞市内商业区＞风景旅游区＞文教居民区＞市郊农业区。用连续提取方法对重金属分级表明，Cd、Co、Cr和Ni主要以残余态为主，平均占总量的60％以上，而Cu、Pb、Zn和Mn主要以酸可提取态、氧化物结合态和有机结合态存在，有较大的释放潜力和生物有效性。     

淀山湖沉积物孔隙水中重金属元素分布特征

用原子吸收光谱仪测定了淀山湖上覆水体和沉积物孔隙水中Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Fe和Mn的浓度.结果表明,上覆水体中及沉积物孔隙水中重金属元素浓度由高到低的顺序,夏季为Fe>Mn>Cr(Cu)>Pb>Cd,冬季为Mn>Fe>Cr(Cu)>Pb>Cd.各种重金属元素在孔隙水中的浓度比上覆水体中的浓度高得多,且在孔隙水中随深度均呈现典型的峰型分布;但随季节的变化,峰值发生位移.重金属元素的浓度在沉积物-水界面处变化明显,夏季沉积物中的Cr对上覆水体水质的影响较大.     

淮河沉积物中重金属的测定和污染评价

采用X-射线荧光法分析了淮河沉积物中重金属的污染状况,并根据沉积学原理和环境化学行为特点,应用地积累指数法对淮河沉积物中重金属污染水平进行了评价研究.结果表明,淮河沉积物中有一定的重金属污染,其中Cu,Pb,Cr,Ni的污染水平较高.      

新乡市镉污染土壤细菌群落组成及其对镉固定效果

重金属污染土壤中具有丰富的微生物群落组成,为生物修复提供了微生物资源.本研究以新乡市某电池厂周边Cd污染土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序和平板分离方法分析其细菌群落组成.传统培养方法表明新乡市重金属污染土壤细菌由厚壁菌门、放线菌门、变形菌门和拟杆菌门这4个门,芽孢杆菌属、节杆菌属和根瘤菌属等30个属组成;高通量测序表明,其由变形菌门、放线菌门和酸杆菌门等25门及400属组成.相较于培养方法,高通量测序群落组成更为丰富.基于高通量测序的分子生态网路分析表明其关键细菌分别为Arthrobacter、Marmoricola、Nocardioides、Ferruginibacter、Flavitalea、Nitrospira和Lysobacter等组成.对分离的159株可培养菌株进行Cd摇瓶吸附实验,结果表明Aneurinibacillus、Arthrobacter和Bacillus等11个属的30株菌具有较好地固定效果.效果验证实验表明,Ochrobactrum sp. 1-6、Bacillus sp.2-11和Pseudomonas sp.1-9等6株高效菌株能提高青菜(鸡毛菜)生物量、降低青菜不同组织中的Cd含量.本研究为新乡市重金属污染土壤修复提供菌种资源,同时为重金属污染土壤细菌群落和功能提供参考依据.