北方湖库沉积物重金属区域特征及生态风险评价

以白洋淀、衡水湖、于桥水库、松花湖、大伙房水库和小兴凯湖沉积作为研究对象,通过对北方六湖库沉积物中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni等重金属元素进行分析,并与国内外其他水域重金属污染情况进行多因素比较,探讨了六湖库主要重金属污染源的差异性,区域分布特征以及与国内外其他水域污染的相似性和区别.结果表明,六湖库沉积物重金属污染处于中等偏下水平.六湖库之间主要重金属污染源存在差别.沉积物重金属含量未出现明显上升的趋势.其中Zn、Pb存在富集现象,但Pb含量与历史数据相比出现下降,Zn的含量与其他地区相比整体偏高.大伙房水库沉积物重金属污染较重,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni含量平均值分别为56.28,142.3,17.44,97.9,44.44mg/kg.小兴凯湖沉积物重金属含量最低,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni含量平均值分别为2.41,63.90,13.37,56.36,26.09mg/kg.六湖库综合风险评价结果为大伙房水库>于桥水库>白洋淀>衡水湖>松花湖>小兴凯湖,重金属整体潜在生态风险指数为低.     

Effect of struvite and organic acids on immobilization of copper and zinc in contaminated bio-retention filter media

Few studies have been carried out to connect nutrient recovery as struvite from wastewater and sustainable utilization of the recovered struvite for copper and zinc immobilization in contaminated soil. This study revealed the effect of struvite on Cu and Zn immobilization in contaminated bio-retention soil in the presence of commonly exuded plant organic acids. The research hypothesis was that the presence of both struvite and organic acids may influence the immobilization of Cu and Zn in soil. The outcome of this research confirmed that more than 99% of Cu and Zn was immobilized in bio-retention filter media by struvite application. Water-soluble Cu and Zn concentrations of struvite treated soil were less than 1.83 and 0.86 mg/kg respectively, and these concentrations were significantly lower compared to the total Cu and Zn content of 747.05 mg/kg in the contaminated soil. Application of struvite to Cu- and Zn-contaminated soil resulted in formation of compounds similar to zinc phosphate tetrahydrate (Zn₃(PO₄)₂?4H₂O) and amorphous Cu and Zn phases. Struvite was effective in heavy metal remediation in acidic soil regardless of the presence of Ca impurities in struvite and the presence of plant organic acids in soil. Overall, this study revealed that struvite recovered from wastewater treatment plants has potential for use as an amendment for heavy metal remediation in contaminated bio-retention soil.     

重金属离子对肺表面活性物质单层膜的影响

为了探究重金属对肺表面活性物质（PS）膜的影响,利用Langmuir–Wilhelmy膜天平,研究了不同种类和浓度的重金属离子与PS单层膜的相互作用.发现Cr³⁺、Cu²⁺、Hg²⁺、Pb²⁺、Cd²⁺、Ni²⁺6种重金属离子均使PS单层的π-A等温线G-LE相变阶段外扩,而Fe³⁺可诱导单层缩合.随后,选取Cd²⁺,Cu²⁺,Hg²⁺,Fe³⁺4种离子进一步探究了重金属浓度对PS单层膜表面活性的影响规律,进行了可压缩模量分析,并结合红外光谱（FTIR）和原子力显微镜（AFM）探究其作用机理,发现Cu²⁺,Fe³⁺和Hg²⁺均会以浓度依赖的方式与PS单层的极性头部发生络合作用,形成复合物,改变膜的稳定性;而Cd²⁺的影响明显弱于其他3种金属离子,但也能使得PS单层有序性增强.     

基于土壤重金属特征的绿色食品产地环境评价——以重庆(江津)现代农业园区为例

以重庆市江津区现代农业园区内4种农用地类型的653个表层土样为研究对象,测定土壤重金属元素含量.依据绿色食品产地环境相关标准,采用重金属污染指数法对标准中所涉及的Cu、Cr、Cd、Hg、As和Pb共6种重金属元素开展土壤环境质量评价和潜在生态风险评价,并结合用地类型确定绿色农产品生产的适宜性土壤分区.结果表明：除元素Cu、Cr和As外,其他元素的平均含量均高于重庆市土壤背景值;除元素As和Hg外,其他元素的平均含量均高于我国土壤背景值.土壤重金属元素Cu、Cr、Cd、Hg、As和Pb的平均浓度均达到《绿色食品产地环境质量》标准要求,但Cd污染已处于安全警戒线内,应高度警惕和严格监管园区内该元素的污染.水田、旱地和果园的土壤环境均以尚清洁为主,其他园地的土壤环境以轻度污染水平为主.部分水田存在一定程度的Pb污染（轻度）、Hg污染（中度）和Cd污染（中度）,旱地存在一定程度的Hg污染（中度）和Cd污染（中度）,果园和其他园地的土壤存在一定程度的Cd的轻、中度污染.全区符合《绿色食品产地环境质量》标准要求的土壤面积为12.47km²,占农用地总面积的63.64%,旱地、果园、水田和其他园地中符合该标准的面积分别占各自总面积的84.83%、68.07%、56.51%和42.09%.4种用地类型的土壤环境生态风险水平均以低等为主,共占研究区总面积的74.70%.Cd和Hg在园区表层土壤重金属生态风险评估中占有较大的贡献率,应列为优先控制污染元素并对其生态效应开展进一步研究.     

附着在不同微塑料表面的藻类结构与群落组成

选取水环境中常见的4种微塑料介质（聚丙烯（PP）、聚氯乙烯（PVC）、聚乙烯（PE）、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET））和一种自然介质（鹅卵石）进行野外生物膜的培养,以探究不同类型介质表面附着的生物膜的表观结构和藻类群落组成的差异特征.结果表明,鹅卵石与微塑料介质上的生物膜的形貌结构及藻类含量与组成特性均存在一定差异：在微塑料介质表面附着的藻类叶绿素a浓度普遍低于自然介质.实验进一步发现,不同的微塑料类型同样会对生物膜藻类含量以及功能特性存在一定影响：PET片上附着的藻类叶绿素a浓度最高（613.7μg/L）,PP片上最低（492.5μg/L）;然而,PP片上藻类的光合作用最大量子产量最高（0.443）.以上结论说明微塑料会改变附着藻类的生长情况和初级生产力,进而可能影响生物膜在水体中的碳循环过程,对水体净化及污染治理产生一定影响.     

联合改良剂对桉树吸收重金属的作用——以矿区土壤中Cd、Zn和Cu为例

通过5种矿区土壤的盆栽试验,研究了联合改良剂对桉树部分生理指标、根中Cd、Zn和Cu的含量、以及土壤中Cd、Zn和Cu的BCR提取形态的影响,探讨了其对矿区土壤还林的作用.结果表明,与对照相比,施用改良剂后桉树的生物量和叶绿素含量的增幅分别为-7.6%~158.8%和-0.7%~23.1%,丙二醛含量的降幅为2.6%~37.9%,其中部分处理的生物量和丙二醛含量的变化达到显著水平（P<0.05）;土壤中有效态Cd、Zn和Cu的含量分别下降12.5%~63.8%、1.6%~54.7%和16.2%~57.6%,桉树根中Cd、Zn和Cu的含量分别下降3.1%~56.6%、-1.5%~21.3%和9.3%~50.1%.土壤对桉树根中Cd、Zn和Cu的含量有显著影响（P<0.05）,改良剂的配比或施用量无显著影响（P>0.05）,但在5种矿区土壤中G3降低桉树根中Cu含量的效果优于G1和G2;在重金属含量最高的2种土壤中,G1降低桉树根中Cd和Zn含量的效果优于G2和G3.研究表明施用联合改良剂能降低桉树对重金属的吸收,有利于矿区土壤的还林.     

矿物材料吸附去除污水中磷的试验研究

采用粉煤灰、高岭土、泥渣(取电厂澄清池排泥作脱水干燥处理)作为吸附剂深度处理污水中的磷,对比分析了3种吸附剂的吸附速度、吸附性能及除磷效果。结果表明:粉煤灰和高岭土用时20 min完成对磷的有效吸附,沉降泥渣用时5 min即可实现同等吸附效果;沉降泥渣对污水中磷的吸附能力较好,投加量为0.2 g/L的泥渣对磷的去除率可达98.1%,而投加量为0.2 g/L粉煤灰或高岭土对磷的去除率仅达到77.2%。     

构树修复对重金属污染土壤环境质量的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,研究构树（Broussonetia papyrifera）生长对重金属污染土壤酶活性和微生物群落结构的影响.结果表明,构树修复污染土壤中酶活性和微生物多样性明显提高.经270d培养后,构树生长土壤中蔗糖酶和酸性磷酸酶活性与种植土壤相比分别显著（P<0.05）提高3.12倍和2.29倍;土壤脱氢酶与有效态As、Cd、Pb、Zn和Cu含量,蔗糖酶与有效态Cd含量,以及磷酸酶与有效态Cd和Cu含量之间呈显著负相关（P<0.05）.根据16S和18S rDNA PCR-DGGE分析表明,构树修复可提高污染土壤中细菌和丛枝菌根真菌多样性.上述结果表明,构树修复可有效改善重金属污染土壤的环境质量.然而,污染土壤中重金属有效态含量下降不明显,必须辅助物理和化学措施来强化构树对重金属污染土壤的生态修复潜力.     

Nanoencapsulation of hexavalent chromium with nanoscale zero-valent iron: High resolution chemical mapping of the passivation layer

Solid phase reactions of Cr(Ⅵ) with Fe(0) were investigated with spherical-aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy(Cs-STEM) integrated with X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy(XEDS). Near-atomic resolution elemental mappings of Cr(Ⅵ)–Fe(0) reactions were acquired. Experimental results show that rate and extent of Cr(Ⅵ) encapsulation are strongly dependent on the initial concentration of Cr(Ⅵ) in solution. Low Cr loading in nZⅥ(1.0 wt%) promotes the electrochemical oxidation and continuous corrosion of n ZⅥ while high Cr loading(1.0 wt%) can quickly shut down the Cr uptake. With the progress of iron oxidation and dissolution, elements of Cr and O counter-diffuse into the nanoparticles and accumulate in the core region at low levels of Cr(Ⅵ)(e.g., 10 mg/L). Whereas the reacted n ZⅥ is quickly coated with a newly-formed layer of 2–4 nm in the presence of concentrated Cr(Ⅵ)(e.g., 100 mg/L). The passivation structure is stable over a wide range of pH unless pH is low enough to dissolve the passivation layer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) depth profiling reconfirms that the composition of the newly-formed surface layer consists of Fe(Ⅲ)–Cr(Ⅲ)(oxy)hydroxides with Cr(Ⅵ) adsorbed on the outside surface. The insoluble and insulating Fe(Ⅲ)–Cr(Ⅲ)(oxy)hydroxide layer can completely cover the n ZⅥ surface above the critical Cr loading and shield the electron transfer. Thus, the fast passivation of nZⅥ in high Cr(Ⅵ) solution is detrimental to the performance of nZⅥ for Cr(Ⅵ) treatment and remediation.     

Relationship between physicochemical properties and dewaterability of hydrothermal sludge derived from different source

Sewage sludge (SS) and deinking sludge (DS) were used to comparatively study the hydrothermal dewatering of sludge with different components. For a better overview, an insight into the relationship between physicochemical properties and dewaterability of hydrothermal sludge was provided. Results found that not all kinds of sludge were suitably conditioned by hydrothermal treatment (HT) in term of the elevation of dewaterability. Higher hydrothermal temperature tended to enhance the dewaterability of SS rather than DS, which was supported by the variation of their physicochemical properties (including water distribution, bonding energy, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), particles size, acid functional groups and zeta potential in this study). In addition, the changes in surface morphology suggested that the reverse effect of HT on sludge dewaterability was mainly due to their dewatering behavior. For SS, the destruction of EPS structure leaded to the release of bound water, thereby strengthening sludge dewatering. Conversely, “Bridging effect” generated by lignocellulose in DS was beneficial for sludge dewatering; however, the increasing hydrothermal temperature degraded part of lignocellulose and weakened “bridging effect”, finally resulting in worse dewaterability of DS.