基于Markov模型的南京土地利用时空变化研究

利用江苏2000年、2008年遥感数据,采用ArcGIS和Excel测算出南京市辖区8年土地利用的Matkov转移矩阵,从数量、空间和结构角度分析2000-2008年的土地利用变化状况,预测2016年的各类用地面积.结果表明,2000-2008年研究区的城镇和工矿交通用地扩张较快,农村居民点用地略有减少,呈集中态势;耕地、草地、林地、水域减少,未利用地减幅最大.在空间上,研究区的建设用地扩张由"同心圆状"变为"纺锤状",土地利用集中度和强度都增大.2016年预测显示,城镇用地比重达44.76%,耕地减少23.47%,其余用地基本保持前8年的变化趋势,但动态度有所减小,仅农村居民点用地减幅增大.     

区域土地利用规划的适宜性

为合理分析、评价区域土地利用规划的生态合理性,建立了包括生态环境因子在内的工业用地适宜性分析指标体系,并以专家调查意见为基础确定了各指标的权重.在此基础上,以宁波市北仑区区域发展总体规划中的土地利用规划为例,在地理信息系统的支持下,对工业用地的适宜性、环境合理性、科学性进行分析和评价.结果表明,区域工业用地规划基本合理,3种工业类型大都布局在生态适宜区内.规划中存在的主要问题是,东片区三类工业布局与宁波市总体规划不符,不能很好地实现与周边地区的协调发展.城市规划中要综合考虑社会经济环境因素的作用,才能实现发展的科学性、合理性和可持续性.     

三江平原湿地不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳储量研究

选取东北三江平原沼泽湿地5种土地利用方式,共16个土壤剖面,对土壤有机碳储量分布特征进行了研究.结果表明,不同土地利用方式下,土壤剖面有机碳含量与有机碳密度均呈自上而下降低的趋势,且随着深度的增加,垂直差异变小.开垦降低了土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度,并改变了其在表层的分布结构特征.初步估算5种土地利用方式下土壤有机碳储量分别为:沼泽湿地1.58×104t/km2、退耕还湿地1.23×104t/km2、林地1.01×104t/km2、水田0.85×104t/km2、旱田0.99×104t/km2.开垦降低了湿地土壤有机碳储量,且对耕地的影响大于林地,而退耕还湿有利于土壤有机碳的固定及储量的增加.     

经济快速发展地区土地利用结构的时空演变——以苏锡常地区为例

利用1996～2007年苏锡常地区土地利用变更数据,从土地利用变化幅度、动态度、变化强度、相对变化率及景观生态学角度,对区域土地利用结构的动态变化及区域差异进行分析。研究结果表明：近十多年来,由于区域经济快速发展,工业用地扩展迅猛,城镇加速蔓延,从而导致区内耕地面积锐减,居民点及工矿用地、交通用地所占比例则逐年上升,交通用地的变化幅度及动态度最大;各用地类型的变化强度在此期间呈一定波动,除牧草地外,交通用地历年的变化强度之和最大,其次为园地、居民点及工矿用地、水利设施用地、耕地、其他农用地、林地、未利用地;区域土地利用结构逐渐向均衡状态发展,用地结构的均质性逐渐增强,地区土地利用结构渐趋稳定;各市耕地、居民点及工矿用地、其他农用地的变化幅度及相对变化率差别不大,而园地、林地、牧草地、交通用地、水利设施用地及未利用地的变化幅度及相对变化率区域差异较大,且三市园地、牧草地及未利用地的变化方向不一致。     

Land resources potential and sustainable land management: an overview

Land degradation continues to be a major threat to local and national food security. With limited potential to develop new land, any increase in agricultural production must be sought largely through the better use of land already under cultivation. Concerns for the global environment associated with agriculture worldwide have also increased in recent years and require more coordinated efforts at global and national levels with decentralisation of activities at the local level.
This article presents an overview of land resources potential for food production, the processes and extent of land degradation and its economic and environmental costs and impacts, and highlights some macro-economic policies and institutional measures for the prevention of land degradation and rehabilitation of degraded lands. A people-centred programme is presented as a basis for decentralising activities for sustainable land use and land management. Finally, the need for better coordinated efforts of concerned UN, multinational agencies and NGOs for the implementation of Agenda 21 and related conventions is stressed.     

Stakeholder perspectives on land-use conflicts in the South African section of the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area

ABSTRACT

Land-use conflict has become a topical issue due to an increase in the number of stakeholders having incompatible interests related to particular land uses. Competing land-uses include those for conservation, irrigation, game and livestock farming, settlements and mining. These groupings of land-uses have different interests and objectives. This study aims to investigate the basis for the land-use conflict, and to get insights into how various stakeholders perceive and interpret existing conflicts. Empirical results were drawn from observation, interviews and documents collected between 2011 and 2018. The interviews were held with various stakeholders involved in land-use decisions. Qualitative data were analysed through thematic content analysis, and observations assisted with the corroboration of information collected through interviews. The study recorded four central land-use conflicts: irrigation farming with conservation; game farming with conservation; settlements/livestock farming with conservation; and mining with conservation/game farming/irrigation farming. The study also explains how local stakeholders understand these conflicts.     

Why a 100-Year Time Horizon should be used for GlobalWarming Mitigation Calculations

Global warming mitigation calculationsrequire consistent procedures for handlingtime in order to compare `permanent' gainsfrom energy-sector mitigation options with`impermanent' gains from many forest-sectoroptions. A critical part of carbonaccounting methodologies such as thosebased on `ton-years' (the product of thenumber of tons of carbon times the numberof years that each ton is held out of theatmosphere) is definition of a timehorizon, or the time period over whichcarbon impacts and benefits are considered. Here a case is made for using a timehorizon of 100 years. This choice avoidsdistortions created by much longer timehorizons that would lead to decisionsinconsistent with societal behavior inother spheres; it also avoids a rapidincrease in the implied value of time ifhorizons shorter than 100 years are used.Selection of a time horizon affectsdecisions on financial mechanisms andcarbon credit. Simple adaptations canallow a time horizon to be specified andused to calculate mitigation benefits andat the same time reserve a given percentageof weight in decision making forgenerations beyond the end of the timehorizon. The choice of a time horizon willheavily influence whether mitigationoptions such as avoided deforestation areconsidered viable.     

Prospects for mitigating carbon,conserving biodiversity,and promoting socioeconomic development objectives through the clean development mechanism

Should forest-based climate mitigationmeasures be approved for crediting through the CleanDevelopment Mechanism (CDM), they could offer anopportunity to accomplish three important objectives:cost-effective reductions in carbon emissions andsequestration of atmospheric carbon; conservation andrestoration of forests and their biological diversity;and, the assistance of host countries and communitiesin their socioeconomic development. However,prospective investors in CDM projects, host countriesand other CDM `stakeholders' might be expected toplace widely different priorities on achieving theseobjectives. This paper describes several factors thatwill affect investor interest in CDM projects, thecharacteristics of forest-based CDM projects that willattract investments, and an approach to identifyingprojects that meet the key objectives of multiplestakeholders. This approach entails identifyingsites, such as degraded watersheds, where CDMfinancing for forest conservation and restoration cangenerate readily monetizable local and regionalsocioeconomic benefits, while mitigating carbonemissions in forests with importance for conservingbiodiversity.     

基于GIS的泗县开发区土地集约利用评价研究

以安徽省泗县开发区为例,从土地利用状况、用地效益、管理绩效和可持续发展状况4个方面构建开发区土地集约利用评价指标体系,运用GIS技术、特尔斐法,选择评价模型确定权重后对泗县开发区进行土地集约利用评价,研究泗县开发区土地集约利用状况.结果显示,泗县开发区土地集约利用总体水平为中等集约利用,土地利用状况和用地效益度方面存在着一定问题.基于反映的问题,提出相应的措施.     

Assessing impacts on urban greenspace,waterways, and vegetation in urban planning

Parks, waterways, and vegetation enhance the well-being of urbanites and thus warrant consideration in planning and policy-making. It is, however, difficult to assess how land-use change may impact these features and how this in turn may impact well-being. I use a case-study approach to present a framework that combines geospatial and economic valuation techniques to generate indicators of the effects of land-use policies that alter these amenities on community well-being. This framework quantifies the impacts of land-use change on urban environmental amenities in a way that could help communities plan land use so as to maintain well-being as they urbanise.