The influence of confounding factors on the relationship between muscle contraction level and MF and MPF values of EMG signal: a review

The purpose of this article is to gather results of studies on the relationship between median frequency (MF) and mean power frequency (MPF) and the level of muscle contraction, and to use those results to discuss the differences in the trends according to factors related to measurement technique and subject. Twenty-one studies with 63 cases for upper limb muscles and nine studies with 31 cases for lower limb muscles were analysed. Most results showed an increase in parameters with an increased level of muscle contraction, only some studies showed a decrease. The influence on parameters of the level of muscle contraction and factors such as subjects, type of contraction, muscle length and electrodes was analysed for each muscle. It was concluded that when analysing the influence of different factors on MF and MPF, because those factors interact they should be considered together, not separately.     

考虑地形和土地覆盖影响的参数化台风风场模拟

现有参数化台风风场模型通常采用单一地表粗糙度假设,忽略地形和土地覆盖的影响,使得参数化台风风场模型不能真实反映台风风场。本文基于GTOPO30(Global Topographic Data of 30 arc seconds)全球数字高程数据和USGS(U.S.Geological Survey)全球土地覆盖数据,将地形地貌效应等效为地表粗糙长度,建立了受西北太平洋台风影响的东亚地区的地表粗糙长度空间分布;并对比验证了3个典型地貌的地表粗糙长度。然后,对参数化台风风场模型进行了适当修正,使其能耦合地形起伏对风场产生的抬升和沉降作用。以WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式的模拟结果为基准,采用3个历史台风案例,考察了地形地貌对参数化台风风场模拟的影响。对比结果表明,考虑地形地貌效应可以显著提升参数化台风风场模型对台风空间结构的模拟能力。考虑地形地貌影响的参数化台风风场模型的模拟结果与实测结果吻合较好。     

Hierarchy length in orphaned colonies of the ant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Temnothorax nylanderi</Emphasis>

Workers of the ant Temnothorax nylanderi form dominance orders in orphaned colonies in which only one or a few top-ranking workers begin to produce males from unfertilized eggs. Between one and 11 individuals initiated 80% of all aggression in 14 queenless colonies. As predicted from inclusive fitness models (Molet M, van Baalen M, Monnin T, Insectes Soc 52:247–256, 2005), hierarchy length was found to first increase with colony size and then to level off at larger worker numbers. The frequency and skew of aggression decreased with increasing size, indicating that rank orders are less pronounced in larger colonies.     

Diversity and community composition of phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the sediments of the Sanshiliujiao Lake reservoir北大核心CSCD

The diversity and community composition of phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) in the sediments of the Sanshiliujiao Lake reservoir in Pingtan island, Fujian Province, were investigated by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) methods combined with the construction of clone libraries. The diversity of PAOs in summer samples was significantly higher than that in winter. The dominant terminal restriction fragments (T-RFs) of PAOs were in the range of 200 to 300 bp in summer, while they were in the range of 150 to 200 bp in winter. Cloning sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that the main phyla of PAOs in the sediment of the Sanshiliujiao Lake reservoir were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria. Anaeromyxobacter, Azospirillum, Microlunatus phosphovorus, and Burkholderia were the dominant genera in the summer samples. Anaeromyxobacter, Methylobacterium, Solibacter, Azospirillum, and Microlunatus phosphovorus were the dominant genera in sediment samples in winter. The results of this study demonstrated that the diversity and community composition of PAOs in the sediments of the Sanshiliujiao Lake reservoir had specific seasonal characteristics. Various forms of phosphorus also showed their influence on the diversity of PAOs, especially Fe/Al-P. Our findings lays a scientific foundation for the future disclosure of microbial mechanisms involved in the phosphorus metabolic cycle in the sediments of reservoirs. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

含水雾横向风作用下双喷口射流扩散火焰特性

为探究在横向风作用下不同超细水雾含量对双喷口射流扩散火焰燃烧特性的影响,利用高速摄像机拍摄火焰几何形态,分析不同喷口间距和横向风中的超细水雾含量对火焰形态演化、火焰长度和火焰吹熄极限的影响,并基于前人数学模型,推导与增长区域试验数据具有较好相关性的火焰拉伸长度变化的经验公式.结果 表明:随着横向风中雾通量的增加,双喷口...     

基于RAPD技术检测不同烃链长度咪唑基离子液体对日本三角涡虫的遗传毒性

RAPD标记通常用于遗传作图、分类和系统发育研究,该技术也可用于检测DNA损伤或突变。本研究利用RAPD技术检测了4种不同烃链长度的咪唑基离子液体对日本三角涡虫(Dugesia japonica)的遗传毒性。在20条随机引物中共筛选出11条用于RAPD扩增,其中对照组共扩增出65条带。与对照组相比,离子液体处理组的RAPD图谱变化表现在条带亮度增强或减弱以及新带的出现和正常带的消失。各处理组多态性带及变异带的总数随离子液体烃链碳原子数增加而增加,而基因组模板稳定性则随离子液体烃链长度增加而降低,这说明咪唑基离子液体对涡虫有遗传毒性,且随着离子液体烃链长度增加其对涡虫的遗传毒性增强。同时研究结果也证明RAPD分析是一种检测环境污染物对动物DNA损伤的灵敏方法。     

纵向风作用下竖井自然排烟对隧道内烟气逆流长度的影响

为了研究纵向风作用下隧道内竖井自然排烟对烟气逆流长度的影响,采用数值模拟的方法,建立了不同竖井高度的全尺寸隧道模型。并选取无竖井排烟的工况作为对照组,模拟不同火源功率下,改变竖井与火源纵向距离时竖井自然排烟对烟气逆流长度的影响和竖井排烟失效临界风速的变化。结果表明：当纵向风风速较小时,竖井对烟气逆流起抑制作用;随着风速增大,烟气逆流被控制在竖井近域范围内,竖井对烟气逆流的抑制作用减弱;当风速足够大时,烟气逆流将被完全限制在竖井下游,此时竖井排烟作用失效,且对纵向通风气流起到分流作用,烟气逆流长度反而变长。在此基础上,提出了竖井排烟失效临界风速的概念,竖井排烟失效临界风速随竖井高度增加而增大。     

Predictive modelling of dispersion controlled reactive plumes at the laboratory-scale

A model-based interpretation of laboratory-scale experimental data is presented. Hydrolysis experiments carried out using thin glass tanks filled with glass beads to construct a hypothetical and inert, homogeneous porous medium were analysed using a 2D numerical model. A new empirical formula, based upon results for non-reactive (tracer) experiments is used to calculate transversal dispersivity values for a range of grain sizes and any flow velocities. Combined with effective diffusion coefficients calculated from Stokes-Einstein type equations, plume lengths arising from mixing between two solutes can be predicted accurately using numerical modelling techniques. Moreover, pH and ion concentration profiles lateral to the direction of flow of the mixing species can be determined at any given point downstream, without the need for result fitting. In our case, this approach does not lead to overpredictions of lateral mixing, as previously reported when using parameters derived from non-reactive tracer experiments to describe reactive solute transport. The theory is based on the assumption of medium homogeneity.     

全球气候变化背景下吉林省生长季水热变化及其种植策略研究

论文旨在揭示全球气候变化背景下,吉林省平原地区和林区的低、 中、 高海拔地区生长季水热变化规律,并据此提出各地区作物种植调整途径。研究结果表明:平原地区生长季积温增加和生长季长度延长及初日提前、 终日延后的变化最大,种植策略的调整空间最大;林区中、 高海拔地区的生长季长度和积温变化大于低海拔地区,三个海拔地区生长季长度的变化主要是生长季终日延后贡献的。以玉米种植为例,平原地区可提前播种时间,延后收获时间,改种晚熟品种代替中晚熟品种;为躲避严重的春旱,其西部地区可延后播种时间,仍然种植中晚熟品种。林区低海拔地区玉米种植以中晚熟品种代替中熟品种,林区中海拔地区用中早熟、 中熟品种代替早熟、 中早熟品种,林区高海拔地区可用中早熟品种代替极早、 早熟品种,三个地区主要通过延后收获时间,达到作物成熟所需热量。     

Response of bacterial communities to short-term pyrene exposure in red soil

Pyrene, a representative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compound produced mainly from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, is hazardous to ecosystem health. However, long-term exposure studies did not detect any significant effects of pyrene on soil microorganism. In this study, short-term microcosm experiments were conducted to identify the immediate effect of pyrene on soil bacterial communities. A freshly-collected pristine red soil was spiked with pyrene at 0, 10, 100, 200, and 500 mg·kg^-1 and incubated for one day and seven days. The bacterial communities in the incubated soils were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing and terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) methods. The results revealed high bacterial diversity in both unspiked and pyrene-spiked soils. Only at the highest pyrene-spiking rate of 500 mg·kg^-1, two minor bacteria groups of the identified 14 most abundant bacteria groups were completely suppressed. Short-term exposure to pyrene resulted in dominance of Proteobacteria in soil, followed by Acidobacteria, Firmutes, and Bacteroidetes. Our findings showed that bacterial community structure did respond to the presence of pyrene but recovered rapidly from the perturbation. The intensity of impact and the rate of recovery showed some pyrene dosage-dependent trends. Our results revealed that different levels of pyrene may affect the bacterial community structure by suppressing or selecting certain groups of bacteria. It was also found that the bacterial community was most susceptible to pyrene within one day of the chemical addition.