基于T-RFLP和因子分析的香蒲根际细菌群落研究

以北京市永定河王平湿地为研究对象,应用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)对王平湿地再生水补水口及其远离补水口的香蒲根际细菌和氨氧化细菌(AOB)的群落结构及多样性变化进行分析,在此基础上结合MiCA3比对、典范对应分析(CCA)和多元统计中因子分析(FA),解析湿地不同空间细菌群落功能特性的变化.结果显示再生水补水口细菌群落各多样性指数均明显低于远离补水口细菌群落,而氨氧化细菌群落则呈现相反趋势.基于传统的T-RFLP片段MiCA3比对、CCA和FA相结合的分析表明:对细菌群落,占再生水补水口细菌群落总丰度55.6%的菌群与150bp代表的鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas sp.)具相似净化功能,并与总有机碳生物化学循环过程具密切关系,其次占再生水补水口上游细菌群落总丰度75.5%的菌群与81bp为代表的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)和Geitlerinema sp.具相似净化功能,并与氮的生物化学循环过程具密切关系.占再生水补水口下游细菌群落总丰度68.7%的菌群与138bp代表的小单孢菌属(Micromonospora sp.)具相似净化功能,同时与重金属Cu、V、和Ti生物化学循环具密切关系.对氨氧化细菌,266bp受铵态氮影响较大,占再生水补水口氨氧化细菌群落总丰度65.5%的菌群与266bp代表的Nitrosomonas sp.具相似的生境特征,适合在高氨环境中生长;与58bp所代表的Nitrosospira sp.具相似功能特性菌群丰度在远离补水口样点中较前者呈现显著增加趋势,表征该类菌群适合在相对低氨环境中生长.     

梳子坝淤砂形态特征试验研究

通过室内水槽试验,探讨梳子坝淤砂的形态特征、淤砂长度和回淤坡度等,初步得到:(1)梳子坝在全闭塞时,淤砂形态与实体坝相似,在淤砂区的前部,淤砂高度大致等于坝体高度,在淤砂区的尾部,都有一个明显的陡坎;梳子坝在部分闭塞时,淤砂形态与不闭塞情况下淤砂形态相似,在淤砂区的前部,都有一个缓坡。不闭塞时形成的缓坡坡度稍大于部分闭塞时的缓坡坡度,但都明显小于水下休止角,表明梳子坝淤砂形态异于狭缝坝。(2)梳子坝淤砂长度与切口宽度有关,大致有随着切口宽度的增大而减短的趋势;切口密度和泥石流浓度对淤砂长度有影响,淤砂长度有大致随切口密度的增大而堆积长度减短的趋势。(3)在相同试验条件下,梳子坝回淤坡度与实体坝相比大致相近,波动范围很小;在相同的切口宽度条件下,切口密度对回淤坡度有一定的影响,同时证明沟床坡度和泥石流的物质级配、容重及规模对回淤坡度也有一定影响。     

Bacterial diversity in activated sludge from a consecutively aerated submerged membrane bioreactor treating domestic wastewater

The bacterial diversity of activated sludge from submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) was investigated. A 16S rDNA clone library was generated, and 150 clones were screened using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Of the screened clones, almost full-length 16S rDNA sequences of 64 clones were sequenced. Phylogenetic tree was constructed with a database containing clone sequences from this study and bacterial rDNA sequences from NCBI for identification purposes. The 90.6% of the clones were a?l...     

水库水体热分层的水质及细菌群落分布特征

作为重要的城市饮用水源地,水库是人工筑坝形成的特殊类型的水体,其水质直接影响居民的饮用水安全.为揭示北京市饮用水源地密云水库的秋季分层特征和细菌群落的垂直变化,于水体稳定分层期(秋季)在水库进行采样,应用16S rDNA末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)和定量PCR等方法研究了密云水库水体细菌群落的垂直分布特征,并利用聚类分析、多元统计分析揭示细菌群落与环境因子之间的响应关系.结果表明:(1)密云水库水体温跃层位于水深20～30 m处,水温范围在15～19℃,聚类分析将7个采样水层划分为好氧区(上层)和缺氧区(下层)两类,温度、DO、pH在15 m以下逐渐降低,电导率、氨氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮及总氮在15 m后发生显著变化,水体水质表现出明显的垂直分布特征;(2)RDA分析结果显示,上下水层的溶解氧、pH、电导率、氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮存在较为明显的垂向变化,是影响密云水库细菌群落垂直分布的主要环境因子;(3)总细菌的数量随水深变化的波动较为明显,其中好氧区细菌的Shannon-Wiener指数和T-RFs片段数明显高于缺氧区,说明秋季密云水库水体中细菌群落分布存在显著的分层现象.本研究探究了水体热分层对水库水质及细菌群落的影响,可为预测水质变化和水库管理提供科学依据.     

不同C/N值下亚硝酸盐氧化菌和异养菌混合体系的微生物多样性

采用PCR-RFLP技术研究了不同C/N比下亚硝酸盐氧化菌及异养菌混合体系的微牛物多样性,并探讨了微生物菌群结构与其功能(硝化件能)的关系.C/N=0时,混合体系主要由自养菌和寡营养菌(85.1%)组成,包括亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)、拟杆菌门、α-变形菌纲、浮霉菌门和绿色非硫细菌中的一些菌株.C/N=0.44时,混合体系中的自养菌减少,异养菌(主要是γ-变形菌纲的成员)大量出现.C/N=8.82时,γ-变形菌纲的菌株尤其是反硝化菌Pseudomonas sp.占主导(93.8%),与此同时,随着C/N升高,该混合体系的硝化性能也由专一的亚硝酸盐氧化过程转变为同时硝化反硝化过程.微生物菌群结构的转变较好地解释了其硝化性能的改变.本研究揭示了微生物菌群结构与其功能的内在联系,同时表明PCR-RFLP技术与化学分析相结合是研究微生物菌群结构与功能的有力工具.图3表2参13     

Spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities of the Yellow Sea by T-RFLP analysis

Four typical coastal sites (rocky shore, sandy shore, mud flat shore, and artificial harbor) at the Yellow Sea were chosen to investigate the spatial and seasonal variations in bacterial communities. This was accomplished by using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis of PCR amplified 16S rDNA fragments. Two kinds of tetrameric restriction enzymes, HhaI and MspI, were used in the experiment to depict the bacterial community diversity in different marine environments. It was found that the community compositions digested by the two enzymes separately were different. However, the results of bacterial community diversity derived from them were similar. The MDA analysis results of T-RFLP profiles coming from HhaI and MspI both exhibited a significant seasonal community shift for bacteria and a relatively low spatial variation among the four locations. With HhaI as the sample, the pair wise T-tests also revealed that variations were minor between each pair of marine environments, with R ranging from 0.198 to 0.349. However, the bacterial community structure in the mud flat site depicted a larger difference than each of the other three sites (R ranging from 0.282 to 0.349).     

重金属铅、镉对矮小拟丽突线虫（Acrobeloides nanus）的亚急性毒性作用

为了探讨重金属Pb、Cd对矮小拟丽突线虫(Acrobeloides nanus)的亚急性毒性作用,采用室内培养的方法,研究了不同浓度Pb和Cd对矮小拟丽突线虫生长发育、繁殖的影响,并对线虫世代间的毒性效应进行了比较.结果表明,1)与对照组相比,各暴露组当代(P0)和后代(F1)线虫平均体长均显著降低(p<0.05,p<0.01);随着重金属浓度的增加,当代(P0)和后代(F1)线虫平均体长呈现逐渐降低的趋势.2)随着Pb、Cd暴露浓度的增加,线虫产卵数逐渐降低;Pb对线虫产卵数的72h-EC20、EC10分别为17.41、4.36mg·L-1,Cd对线虫产卵数的72h-EC50、EC20和EC10分别为4.47、0.91和0.53mg·L-1.以上结果表明,重金属Pb、Cd暴露可显著抑制矮小拟丽突线虫的生长发育、繁殖;线虫体长、产卵数具有明显的重金属浓度依赖性。     

过去20年气候变暖对我国冬季采暖气候条件与能源需求的影响

20世纪80年代中期以来,我国气候变暖,尤其是90年代中期以来的显著变暖,对我国冬季采暖气候条件和能源需求产生了很大影响。论文以全国458个气象台站逐日平均气温为基础,对其影响进行了分析。依照《采暖通风与空气调节设计规范G(B50019-2003)》的规定,确定了采暖初(终)日及集中(过渡)采暖期的划分方法,并采用度日法分析了采暖强度。结果发现与1980年以前时段相比,1985-2004年以及1995-2004年间,我国集中采暖区和过渡采暖区的界线明显北移,尤其110E°以东地区北移最大达2～3个纬距;北方大部地区采暖期长度缩短5～15d,长江以南地区缩短最大达30d以上;北方采暖强度普遍减小200℃以上;理论上由气候变暖导致的我国北方地区冬季采暖耗能降低了5%～30%,长江中下游地区冬季采暖耗能降低了30%以上。     

The evolution of flame length for the oil tank fire with different top cover widths and lip heights

This study presents a quantitative analysis and interpretation of the variation in oil tank fire flame lengths for different oil tank sizes, top cover widths, and horizontal air flow velocities. The experimental results show that, at first, the flame length rises slowly with an increase in air flow speed. Then, once over a critical speed (0.6 m/s), the flame length decreases significantly with a further increase in air flow speed. Based on the characteristic length, a new dimensionless heat release rate is obtained, allowing the correlation between flame length, air flow speed, and dimensionless heat release rate to be calculated, which can be used to predict the flame length of an oil tank fire under different air flow speeds, lip heights, and cover widths.     

Effect of excessive cadmium chloride on the plasmids of E. coli HB 101 in vivo

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