Impacts of cadmium addition on the alteration of microbial community and transport of antibiotic resistance genes in oxytetracycline contaminated soil

The large-scale development in livestock feed industry has increased the chances of antibiotics and heavy metals contamination in the soil. The fate of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and microbial community in heavy metals and antibiotic contaminated soil is still unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of cadmium (Cd) addition on the transport of ARGs, microbial community and human pathogenic bacteria in oxytetracycline (OTC) contaminated soil. Results showed that the addition of OTC significantly increased the abundance of ARGs and intI1 in the soil and lettuce tissues. The addition of Cd to OTC treated soil further increased the abundance and translocation of ARGs and intI1. Moreover, Cd promoted the transfer of potential human pathogenic bacteria (HPB) into lettuce tissues. Compared with O10 treatment, the addition of Cd decreased the concentration of OTC in soil and lettuce tissue, but slightly increased the fresh weight of lettuce tissues. Redundancy analysis indicated that bacterial community succession is a major factor in ARGs variation. Network analysis indicated that the main host bacteria of ARGs were mainly derived from Proteobacteria. Correlation analysis showed that intI1 was significantly correlated with tetG, tetC, sul1, sul2, ermX, and ermQ. Meanwhile, potential HPB (Clostridium, and Burkholderia) was significantly correlated with intI1 and eight ARGs (tetG, tetC, tetW, tetX, sul1, sul2, ermX, and ermQ.). The findings of this study suggest that the addition of heavy metals to agricultural fields must be considered in order to reduce the transfer of ARGs in the soil and crops.     

生态建设人力资源开发战略和措施

生态建设本质和能力核心就是生产要素筹集配置能力和工程技术能力，因而生态建设受人力资源素质状态影响极大。本文深刻揭示生态建设人力资源规律和时空动态，对人力资源在生态建设角色、地位、作用、特征、人力资源的属性，对人力资源开发的影响因素、难点、重点、策略和措施等予以深刻而独到剖析；为各级政府、企业事业单位、社会团体从事生态建设人力资源开发，培养高素质生态建设活动组织者、指挥者、经营者和大量实用型技术人才提供依据和指导。     

真空采血管顶空气相色谱法检测水中三氯甲烷、四氯化碳

采用真空采血管顶空填充柱气相色谱法测定水中三氯甲烷和四氯化碳,结果表明,三氯甲烷在10.0～50.0μg/L,四氯化碳在0.5～4.0μg/L浓度范围内呈良好线性关系,其r值分别为0.9994和0.9998;三氯甲烷和四氯化碳RSD分别在1.64%~2.27%和1.45%~2.40%之间;加标回收率分别在97.0%~103.5%和94.0%~103.2%之间。该方法操作简单,具有较好的灵敏度和准确度,适用于水中三氯甲烷和四氯化碳的检测。     

Response of macroinvertebrate communities to abattoir wastes and other anthropogenic activities in a municipal stream in the Niger Delta, Nigeria

Impacts of co-occurring stressors (organic wastes and various human activities) on macroinvertebrate assemblages and environmental variables were investigated in a municipal stream, River Orogodo in southern Nigeria between the months of June 2004 and July 2005. Four sampling sites, each 25 m long were selected along 15 km stretch of the stream. There was a marked difference in the taxonomic composition of macroinvertebrates in the reference sites (I and IV) and those of the perturbed sites (II and III). A combined total of 78 benthic macroinvertebrate taxa were collected from the four sites of the river. The abundance and community structure patterns showed strong evidence of impact arising from the abattoir waste discharge such that the comparison of abundance values demonstrated high significance between the reference sites and the perturbed sites. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis indicated temporal trends in macroinvertebrate density and community composition. This was related to changes in environmental characteristics of the river especially BOD₅ and amount of nutrients. These factors produced spatial and temporal heterogeneity and exerted major influence on the benthic communities. The preponderance of Oligochaetes and diptera and deterioration in water quality at sites II and III are attributed to the intensity of human activities at these sites. Shannon-wiener diversity and evenness were significantly higher (P < 0.05) at the reference sites I and IV. Results illustrate the need for careful consideration of the water quality and indicator organisms in restoration and remediation programmes.     

浅谈条子河、招苏台河水污染给昌图县人畜饮水带来的危害

大量污水的排入造成整个水系水体受到严重的污染,同时渗入地下污染了地下水,造成地下水铁锰含量、细菌总数严重超标。河水的污染,不仅使沿岸农村饮水和农田灌溉受到极大的危害,而且也不利于人类的生产生活条件的改善。     

Rethinking human health impact assessment

Most EIA programs around the world require the consideration of human health impacts. Yet relatively few EIA documents adequately address those impacts. This article examines how, why, and to what extent health impacts are analyzed in environmental impact assessments in the U.S. An empirical study of 42 environmental impact statements found that more than half contained no mention of health impacts. In the others, health impacts were analyzed narrowly, if at all, using risk assessment to quantify the carcinogenic potential of a single substance over a single generation. This analytic focus overlooks other significant morbidity and mortality risks, cumulative and intergenerational effects, and broader determinants of health. This article investigates these problems and provides recommendations to improve human health impact assessment, using strategic environmental assessment, qualitative health data, health outcomes in addition to cancer, and a precautionary approach to risk.     

3-D dispersion model for simulation of accidental toxic gas releases in a metropolitan area

Computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations were performed to assess the potential chlorine leak scenario in the super-urban area of South Korea, where the human population density is very high and numerous buildings exist near operational water treatment facilities. Flame acceleration simulator (FLACS) was used to predict the consequence from accidental chlorine releases out of one of the water treatment facilities for the nearby area having a size of 5 km × 3 km approximately. The ability to precisely implement 3-D geometries is crucial for a successful 3-D simulation. Thus, a method was proposed to rapidly and accurately implement geometry by importing computer aided-design (CAD) files provided by a government agency, and processing them using Auto CAD and MicroStation software programs. An accidental release from an 18-ton tank was simulated with three different wind directions to determine the expected evacuation distances. Results from the study showed that the endpoint distances varied depending on the density and arrangement of the buildings. Moreover, we employed physical barriers with varying heights for mitigating the effects of toxic gas releases and simulated how effectively they decreased the concentration of released chlorine.     

Technological disaster factors

Major Hazard Installations (MHIs) deal with the hazardous substances which exceed the threshold quantity. Although MHIs are safe organizations, they cannot fail due to a single error. However, due to their high complexity, the designer and the operator make errors during the design, and operation of the plants. Consequently, the technical, operational and organizational errors may lead to a major accident. The world has seen many incidents due to the operation of the MHIs. Malaysia has experienced several technological disasters. Four investigation reports have been reviewed in detail. This paper reviews the causes of the technological disasters in general. This paper also summarizes the causes of the technological disasters in Malaysia. Finally the paper rearranges the technological disaster causes and errors.     

金昌市PM2.5及PM10短期暴露对成人血压水平的影响

为探索西北地区颗粒物(PM)短期暴露对人群血压(BP)水平的影响,基于金昌队列研究平台,收集甘肃省金昌市2011~2017年颗粒物污染数据及队列人群血压测量数据,在调整相关混杂因素基础上,采用线性混合效应模型分析PM_2.5和PM₁₀短期暴露对收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、脉压(PP)和Mid-BP (SBP和DBP的均值)的影响.结果显示,随着PM_2.5浓度的增加,人群SBP,MAP,PP和Mid-BP均呈上升趋势,该效应值分别在累积滞后05,03,07和05d最大.随着PM₁₀浓度的增加,5种BP指标也均呈上升趋势,效应最大值均出现在累积滞后07d.PM_2.5和PM₁₀对BP产生的影响分别在吸烟和男性人群中更为显著.此外,沙尘天气和气态污染物(SO₂和NO₂)对PM-BP效应存在一定的修饰作用.因此,在该队列人群中,PM_2.5和PM₁₀短期暴露对人群血压具有一定影响,吸烟者和男性人群可能是颗粒物影响血压效应的易感人群.     

某铅冶炼厂对周边土壤质量和人体健康的影响

为了解铅冶炼厂对周边土壤的污染程度和人体健康危害状况,对河南省某铅冶炼厂周边的土壤、村民血液和头发中的铅含量进行调查,探讨了铅冶炼厂卫生防护距离估算的合理性.结果表明,铅冶炼厂周边M村和Y村的儿童血铅含量全部超过国际铅中毒诊断标准,最高血铅含量为491μg.L-1,其轻度、中度和重度铅中毒率分别为52.5%、42.5%和5.0%;Y村的儿童发铅超标率达100%,最高值为156 mg.kg-1,儿童的发铅平均含量是成年人的2.9倍.同时,铅冶炼厂周边66.7%的农田表层土壤(0～20 cm)Pb含量超过土壤环境质量标准(GB 15618-1995)的二级标准(350 mg.kg-1,pH>7.5),最高值达1 687mg.kg-1,导致铅冶炼厂周边儿童的健康受到损害.因此,铅冶炼厂的卫生防护距离的科学估算及其周边重金属污染土壤的修复应引起重视.