高一化学教学中实施研究性学习的探索

本文根据国家教育部制定的《全日制普通高级中学课程计划(试验修订稿)》所提出的新的培养目标，在“研究性学习”课程的实践中，煞合化学学科特点，选择“环境保护”为突破口，联系本地区实际开展环境教育活动。就“研究性学习”课题的选择、实施进行了探索，提出了我们的认识和见解。     

极值动态新Ⅰ型分布函数的模型及在汕头抗风防灾上的应用

最大风速分布函数的选择是抗风减灾的重要因素,迄今为止国内外所有可选择的分布函数,虽然对一个国家一些城市是好的,但是对另一些城市却不好,好的城市中,拟合优度准则检验结果也不能达到最佳位或趋近为1.本文采用动态的观点,根据不同城市的数据可用不同的参数值,使其可达到优度最佳值或趋近为1,在此思想基础上,改进了现在国内外绝大多数国家规范所采用的极值Ⅰ型,成为极值动态新Ⅰ型,是对分布函数选择彻底改革的一次尝试。按此原理,对汕头1959～1993共35年最大风速数据进行了分析,对各种概率条件下的风速风压提出了应用的数值。     

某机载雷达多自由度振动试验控制方法比较

根据机载雷达实测振动数据,在三轴振动台上,采用不同振动控制方法,对机载雷达单元进行了多自由度振动试验。比较了雷达单元在不同振动控制方法下的安装点响应与参考谱的偏差。试验结果表明:相比于方阵控制,长方阵控制中的坐标变换控制(Input/Output控制)方法在进行多自由度振动试验时,可实现真正意义上的平均控制,振动的传递更为均匀。     

消泡剂硅油Ⅰ在苯胺测定中的应用

用预蒸馏－重氮偶合比色法测定印染废水中的苯胺时,蒸馏过程中大量的泡沫出现,是影响测定结果准确度的重要因素。本研究对色泽很深,含酚量较高的废水加入消泡剂硅油Ⅰ以抑制蒸馏产生的泡沫。结果表明,在１００ｍｌ水样中加硅油Ⅰ０．０５－０．５ｍｌ即可收到理想效果。硅油Ⅰ性质稳定,不随水蒸汽蒸出,对测定无干扰。标准加入回收率为９１．６％＝９７．３％,蒸馏得率平均为９６％。     

Biogeochemical transfer and dynamics of iodine in a soil–plant system

Radioactive iodide (¹²⁵I) is used as a tracer to investigate the fate and transport of iodine in soil under various leaching conditions as well as the dynamic transfer in a soil–plant (Chinese cabbage) system. Results show that both soils (the paddy soil and the sandy soil) exhibit strong retention capability, with the paddy soil being slightly stronger. Most iodine is retained by soils, especially in the top 10 cm, and the highest concentration occurs at the top most section of the soil columns. Leaching with 1–2 pore volume water does not change this pattern of vertical distributions. Early breakthrough and long tailing are two features observed in the leaching experiments. Because of the relatively low peak concentration, the early breakthrough is really not an environmental concern of contamination to groundwater. The long tailing implies that the retained iodine is undergoing slow but steady release and the soils can provide a low but stable level of mobile iodine after a short period. The enrichment factors of ¹²⁵I in different plant tissues are ranked as: root > stem > petiole > leaf, and the ¹²⁵I distribution in the young leaves is obviously higher than that in the old ones. The concentrations of ¹²⁵I in soil and Chinese cabbage can be simulated with a dual-chamber model very well. The biogeochemical behaviors of iodine in the soil-cabbage system show that cultivating iodized cabbage is an environmentally friendly and effective technique to eliminate iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). Planting vegetables such as cabbage on the ¹²⁹I-contaminated soil could be a good remediation technique worthy of consideration.     

Polymer coating of copper oxide nanoparticles increases nanoparticles uptake and toxicity in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) are frequently used in a polymer-coated form, to be included in paints or fabrics for antimicrobial properties. Their application in antifouling paints may lead to the contamination of aquatic ecosystems. However, the toxicological risk of NPs in the environment is hard to evaluate due to a lack of knowledge on the mechanisms of NP interaction with biological systems. In this study, we investigated the effect of polymer coating on CuO NP toxicity in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by comparing bare and polymer-coated CuO NPs prepared from the same CuO nanopowder. Both CuO NP suspensions were toxic to C. reinhardtii after 6 h treatment to concentrations of 0.005-0.04 g L⁻¹. Bare and polymer-coated CuO NPs induced a decrease of Photosystem II activity and the formation of reactive oxygen species. Polymer-coated CuO NP was found to be more toxic than the uncoated CuO NP. The higher toxicity of CS-CuO NP was mainly associated with the increased capacity of polymer-coated CuO NP to penetrate the cell compared to bare CuO NPs. These results indicates that the high toxicity of polymer-coated CuO NPs in algal cells results of intracellular interactions between NPs and the cellular system.     

燃烧后CO2气体捕集技术研究

从燃煤电厂排出的烟气分离技术,分为即燃烧前处理、富氧燃烧以及燃烧后处理三类,阐述燃烧后的处理方法.这种方法有五大技术发展方向,包括吸收、吸附、膜分离、霜冻分离和生物捕捉.对这五个方向的技术做一些阐述,并列举这几个方向下正在开展的研究实例,对二氧化碳捕集技术做一个较全面的介绍.     

不同质量浓度黄菖蒲和狭叶香蒲对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用简

分别采用黄菖蒲（Iris pseudacorus L.）、狭叶香蒲（Typha angustifolia L.）和铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）共生培养的实验方法研究了不同质量浓度黄菖蒲、狭叶香蒲对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用。结果表明,黄菖蒲在质量浓度大于10 g/L时对初始密度为1.0×10⁷ ind/mL的铜绿微囊藻具有较好的抑制作用,表现为黄菖蒲质量浓度为10、20和40 g/L时,第15天对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率分别为30.1%、51.8%和84.0%;狭叶香蒲在质量浓度大于20 g/L时对铜绿微囊藻有明显的抑制作用,表现为狭叶香蒲质量浓度为20 g/L和40 g/L时,第15天对铜绿微囊藻的抑制率分别为34.2%和77.7%,实验过程中,铜绿微囊藻叶绿素a含量逐渐减少,而藻密度、SOD活性及MDA含量先增加后逐渐降低,表明经过一段时间持续地化感胁迫,黄菖蒲和狭叶香蒲可以诱导铜绿微囊藻产生氧化胁迫,导致细胞结构严重损伤和叶绿素大量分解,从而强烈抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长。     

旱地赤红壤钾素的Q/I特性

对12种旱地赤红壤与1种参比水稻土的钾素Q/I特性进行比较,结果表明,旱地由于土壤粘粒少,有机质质量分数低等因素的影响,其易释放钾库及供钾能力均小,钾位的缓冲性能很差,阳离子交换量较低;如不施钾肥或施肥不当,会造成作物减产或钾素损失。而由不同母质发育的旱地赤红壤,Q/I特性差别不大。     

PM10, O3, CO Concentrations and Elemental Analysis of Airborne Particles in a School Building

Measurements of indoor and outdoor PM10, as well as indoor O₃ and CO concentrations were conducted and are presented here. These measurements were carried out at an institute building, located in a suburban industrial area in Greece. Both indoor and outdoor PM10 samples were also collected and their elemental composition was identified by ED-XRF analysis. Twenty seven major, minor and trace elements were identified. The measurements took place generally in different periods of institute operation, from June 2004 to February 2005. The indoor PM10 concentrations which were measured during the normal operation period of the institute were found to be many times higher than the respective outdoor PM10 concentrations of the same periods. On the contrary, the indoor PM10 concentrations which were measured during the holiday period were found to be lower than their corresponding outdoor values. Indoor O₃ and CO concentrations were found to be in low level. Indoor PM10 concentrations were found to be in a relative good correlation with O₃ (r = 0.45) and in high correlation (r = 0.98) with CO concentrations. On average, total elements concentrations were much higher indoors relative to outdoors. Based on above findings we attempted to determine the pollution sources of the indoor environment and to investigate some parameters or chemical processes that affect indoor pollutants’ levels.